International China

International China Free Online Research Papers China is a market almost every company, whether domestic or a multinational, wants to conquer. With more than one billion people potentially waiting to be customers, and an economy that is currently fourth largest in the world (at US$1.97 trillion), businessmen worldwide are beginning to recognize what a powerhouse this former sleeping giant is. For the past two decades, Chinese leaders have realized that China can no longer shut itself off from the world. For it to prosper, it must adapt to the free-market economies of the other countries it wants to do business with. After the death of one of the most powerful leaders of china, Mao Tse Tung, the country, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, set to modernize itself and loosen some of the restrictions communism has brought about to the country. At present, the People’s Republic of China has a socialist government. China is the one of largest country in East Asia with an area of 9.6 million square kilometers and 1.3 billion people living in the country (CIIC, 2007). The country’s central government is seated at its capital, Beijing. Aside from this, the country’s population is growing at a rate of 5.87 per year despite their one-child policy. At the moment, the population is slightly skewed favoring 51.5 percent towards the male gender compared to 48.5 percent of female. Majority of the population is composed of those who can be part of the productive workforce (ages 15-64 years) at almost 71 percent. Most of the Chinese live near the eastern coast of the country, near the most fertile and accessible lands. This is the area of the Yangtze Delta, Sichuan and the counties and cities along this coast (Heilig, 1999). Ninety percent of Chinese live in around here, which is roughly 30 percent of the total land area of the country. This area is quite dense at 354 people per square kilometer (Heilig, 1999). This is also the most industrialized area in the country. China is bounded by the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea and the South China Sea on its eastern side. The rest of the country is bounded by the following countries counterclockwise starting from the north east: North Korea, Russia, and Mongolia. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos and Vietnam (CIA, 2007). It is the fourth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada and the United States (CIA, 2007). Depending on what part of China one is at, the terrain can be mountainous, dessert, flat and swampy, hilly or fertile. It can either be very hot, like in the Gobi Dessert, tropical like in the southeast or extremely cold like in the mountains of the Himalayas. China is rich in natural resources. The CIA, in its fact book, cites that China has coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium and hydropower potential from its rivers. Unfortunately, the country is visited by typhoons or what Americans would call a hurricane, leaving damages in its wake. Aside from this, areas near the country’s major rivers also cause flooding and the country is also vulnerable to tsunamis, earthquakes and droughts (CIA, 2007). Majority of the people are literate, with Mandarin as the official language, although several dialects are also used, like Cantonese and Shanghais (CIA, 2007). However, because of China’s exposure to the outside world, some Chinese are beginning to learn English. In doing business with any country, it is important to learn about their culture and society. This is to ensure better understanding and avoid embarrassing situations of unknowingly insulting the host country and jeopardize Chinese culture has rich traditions dating from thousands of years ago. Until the last century, China has been ruled by dynasties. However, China has undergone several changes in its political structure from democratic to communism to socialism at present. The Chinese have moved forward and dress similarly to most westerners and reserve their traditional dress for celebrations and special events (Premier Star Co., 2007). Red is considered a lucky color for Chinese. The Chinese also place a high regard for a person’s credibility, image and honor, which is close to their concept of â€Å"face† (Premier Star Co., 2007). The chinaunique.com website advises that the concept of â€Å"face† is ingrained in their culture so they are careful not it insult, embarrass, shame or demean a person. Causing embarrassment to a business associate may result to severed business times. Maintaining his â€Å"face† may be crucial in conducting a deal. Training or acculturation to this concept begins at a very young age. People are taught how important their image to the outside world or â€Å"face† is. In responding to strangers on survey and interviews, responses are likely to be influenced by the respondent’s perception of how it will make him or her look, or their â€Å"face†. Other ways of obtaining information would have to be done. Aside from altering the usual method of how market research is done, trying to get responses from Chinese counterparts, like in process improvement, should also be done creatively in such a way that the concept of â€Å"face† is taken into consideration and respondents are encouraged to help improve the process. An example of how this can be circumnavigated is requesting for information on how to improve production presented in such a way that the team perceives that honesty is needed in order for the group to save face. This concept is also prevalent in most Asian cultures so a foreigner must be familiar with the concept and respect it in order to successfully negotiate and do business with them. The Chinese also believe in the concept of extended families. The family is a strong unit in China, with children either living with or nearby their parents. The influence of family can also be seen in personal and business decisions. Again, in doing business with the Chinese, familial ties need to be considered as well. Most modern conveniences and appliances that Americans are used to are still rare in most Chinese households like washing machines, dryers and telephones (Premier Star Co., 2007). City dwellers, of course have more appliances than those that live at rural areas. This presents an opportunity for many foreign companies who have managed to penetrate the Chinese market. China has been touted an economic miracle – rising from civil war and the Cultural Revolution for most of the second half of the twentieth century. Since then, any rise or fluctuation in the country’s economic activities has had great repercussions throughout the world. China, as it is known now, was established in 1949 as a communist government, with the Soviet Union’s recognition (Chinavoc, 2002). However, it only became stable when the civil war ended and most of the nationalists fled to nearby Taiwan and set their own government. Up to now, China does not recognize the sovereignty of Taiwan and considers it as a province. After the civil war, the communist government under Mao Tse Tung set to rebuild their country with their â€Å"Great Leap Forward† program to gain economic and technical development at a fast pace (Chinavoc, 2002). People were sent to communes to work at factories, mines and other establishments. They were supposed to be self-sufficient units. After a few years of trying to recover in the early 1960s, Mao tried to retake control of the country by initiating the Cultural Revolution in 1966, with the thinking that capitalist thought was creeping into the country’s policies. This led to intellectuals being sent to the communes to teach them the value of working for the party’s benefit all the time. After Mao’s death in 1976, reformists led by Deng Xiaoping slowly gained control of the Communist party leadership and were able to start instituting their reforms (Chinavoc, 2002). However, despite the effects that the Cultural Revolution wrought to the country, Mao was still recognized for his efforts to unite China. Deng Xiaoping gained leadership and started giving more freedom to people in the communes in terms of deciding what to produce. The government policy turned from prioritizing politics to economics (Chinavoc, 2002), the start of the Four Modernizations: industry, agriculture, science and technology. His leadership saw the rise of what the Chinese call the â€Å"Second Revolution†. However, while there were more freedoms in the economy, political freedom is not yet as well developed as international human rights groups would like to be. There have been calls for the Chinese government to free political prisoners and administer reforms for freedom of speech, which, ironically, is part of the ratified 1982 constitution. China is yet to strengthen its business regulation and banking systems although analysts are confident that the country will eventually fix these issues. In the meantime, nearby autonomous regions like Hong Kong is providing their own help in terms of having a model for similar institutions. China politics, however, remain as a single-party system up to now. REFERENCES Central Intelligence Agency (2007) The World Fact book: China. Cia.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/ch.htmlChina Internet Information Center (CIIC). (2007) China: Quick Facts. China.org.cn. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from, china.org.cn/e-changshi/index.htm China Internet Network Information Center (2007) CNNIC Released the 19th Statistical Survey Report on Internet Development in China. Cnnic.net. Retrieved March 25, 2007 from, cnnic.net.cn/html/Dir/2007/02/05/4432.htm Chinavoc. (2002) Chinese modern time history, The People’s Republic of China. Chinavoc.com. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from, chinavoc.com/history/peoplerepublic.htm Research Papers on International ChinaDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Plural French Subject Pronouns Nous Vous Ils and Elles

Plural French Subject Pronouns Nous Vous Ils and Elles Before you start this lesson, I encourage you to read my Singular French Subject Pronouns lesson, or even start with introduction to French subject pronouns if you have not read it yet. Now, lets take a closer look to the plural French subject pronouns. The French Subject Pronoun for We Nous   Nous is the pronoun to use when you are talking about a group of people that includes yourself.Ex : nous regardons la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : we are watching TV. Nous is also referred to as the first person plural (premieÌ€re personne du pluriel). Pronunciation: the s of the nous is silent when followed by a consonant.Ex : Nous regardons, nous faisons, nous sommes.Nous makes a strong liaison in Z when followed by a vowel or an h ; nous ‘Z’eÃŒ tudions, nous ‘Z’habitons, nous ‘Z’utilisons. Important: in colloquial French,  « On  » is used instead of nous. The verb will agree with  « On  » (3rd person singular), but the adjectives will agree with the meaning, therefore being plural when on means we. Here is my lesson about the obscure French subject pronoun on.Ex : Anne et moi, on est brunes : Ann and I, we are brunettes. Note: other words related to nous are: notre, nos, le noÌ‚tre, la noÌ‚tre, les noÌ‚tres. The French Subject Pronoun for You Vous   Vous is the pronoun to use when you are talking to a group of people.Ex : vous regardez la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : you are watching TV   Vous is also referred to as the second person plural (deuxieÌ€me personne du pluriel). Pronunciation: the s of the vous is silent when followed by a consonant.Ex : Vous regardez, vous faites, vous parlez.Vous makes a strong liaison in Z when followed by a vowel or an h ; vous ‘Z’eÃŒ tudiez, vous ‘Z’habitez, vous ‘Z’eÌ‚tes. Important: vous may also refer to one person that you are being formal to. Like an adult you don’t know, or a business partner, or someone that is older. The verb will agree with vous (2nd person plural), but the adjectives will agree with the meaning, therefore being feminine or masculine singular. To understand this notion, you need to read my article on tu versus vous. Ex : M. le PreÃŒ sident, vous eÌ‚tes grand : Mr President, you are tall.Ex : Mme la PreÃŒ sidente, vous eÌ‚tes grande : Mrs President, you are tall. Note: other words related to vous are : votre, vos, le voÌ‚tre, la voÌ‚tre, les voÌ‚tres. The French Subject Pronoun for They Ils   Ils is the pronoun to use when you are talking about a group of people.Ex : ils regardent la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : they are watching TV. Ils is also referred to as the third person plural, masculine (troisieÌ€me personne du pluriel, masculin). Pronunciation: the S of the Ils is silent when followed by a consonant. It’s pronounced exactly as the â€Å"il† singular.Ex : ils regardent, ils font, ils sont.For a regular ER verb starting with a consonant, you cannot hear the difference between Il singular and Ils plural : il regarde (singular), ils regardent (plural). Ils (plural) makes a strong liaison in Z when followed by a vowel or an H ; ils ‘Z’habitent, ils’Z’eÃŒ tudient, ils ‘Z’utilisent. Important: ils refers to a group of people or things either all masculine, or masculine and feminine. Note: other words related to ils are : se, les, leur, leurs, le leur, la leur, les leurs.   The French Subject Pronoun for They Elles   Elles is the pronoun to use when you are talking about a group of people that are women, or feminine things.Ex : Elles regardent la teÃŒ leÃŒ  : they are watching TV (they here are only women). Pronunciation: the S of the elles is silent when followed by a consonant.Ex : elles regardent, elles font, elles parlent.For a regular ER verb starting with a consonant, you cannot hear the difference between Elle singular and Elles plural : elle regarde, elles regardent. Elles makes a strong liaison when followed by a vowel or an H ; elles ‘Z’habitent, elles’Z’eÃŒ tudient, elles ‘Z’utilisent. Important: elles refers to a group of people or things only feminine. Note : other words related to elles are : se, les, leur, leurs, le leur, la leur, les leurs.   Voil, now that you know all about the French subject pronouns, you can go to the next step and study my French Verb Introduction lesson. If you are serious about learning French, I strongly suggest you find a good French learning audio method. Written French and spoken French are like two different languages, and you need audio - and someone who can not only list the grammar points but explain them well - to conquer French. I suggest you take a look at  my own French learning method  as well as my article on the  Best French tools for the self-learning student. I post exclusive mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest  pages - so join me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/

Crimes Against Information Systems Analysis Essay - 1

Crimes Against Information Systems Analysis - Essay Example This can be considered as an effective form of enterprise due to the fact that information can be considered influential specifically retrieval and acquisition of confidential and classified information. Another is the application of the access to destroy or disrupt systems due to certain goals and even at certain price (Franda, 2001). These are only some of the scenario for which the potentials of the technology can be applied in unlawful acts. In doing so the most dominant affective factor for such actions is the use of the computer technology and the internet as a venture and scheme on the basis of financial gains. Due to increasing occurrence of illegal activities through the utilization of the computer systems, it has gained attention and earned a category on its own for research, legal attention and advocacies. Such actions are aimed to educate and avoid the detrimental effects of such attempts in different information systems through the computer technology utilization. Knowledge can be considered as the most essential tool in the fight against unlawful exploitation and prevention of the disadvantageous effects of any technology that is released for utilization by the masses and the international community. DueComputer Crime Defined Due to the rapidly developing state of technology in the present society, crimes can take a variety of forms. In the age of technological revolution initiated by the rise of the computer technology, forms of crime that apply the use of computers are rapidly increasing in occurrence. These crimes can be classified as computer crimes also referred to cyber crimes. There are various manifestations of computer crimes that use different forms. The categories of computer crimes are based on the object of the crime. These are classified according the victim of the committed scheme. Cyber crimes can be perpetuated with a particular person; group or property; or the government as the victim (Babu and Parishat, 2004). The emergence of new forms of crimes such as those utilizing new technologies requires attention from the masses and from the authorities. Thus, the study of the different forms and classifications of cyber crimes can be considered emergent in the present society. New technologies can be equated as new ways and possibilities for the perpetration of crimes. In this case, new methods in fighting such crimes are required. Information dissemination is the primary phase to counteract such crimes (Wall, 2001). Crimes that are done against person affect the different aspects of personality such as the pornography and distribution of offensive materials through the internet and e-mails. These types of crime are considered as having the most common occurrence in cyberspace. Harassments also occur to the persons that utilize computers. The crimes that can affect certain groups in the society are another form that is needed to be given attention by the authorities due to the fact that these types of computer crimes can affect a larger part of the population. An example is the spread of programs and computer software that can destroy computer systems and disrupt activities

Plato The repubic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato The repubic - Essay Example Socrates did not leave his teachings in writing but Plato incorporated most of them in his many books. Socrates arguments exemplified and clarified to his listeners the various philosophical concepts. Socrates utilized various intricately woven arguments to illustrate such philosophical constructs. The conception of abstract ideas of beauty and justice are illustrated in the statement "we shall conclude then that those who behold beautiful things but cannot see beauty itself- and will not permit another to guide then to where it is- who observes many just things but do not see justice itself and think this way in all other things, such as men have opinions about everything but know nothing of what they profess to believe" (Republic, Book V, 479). Socrates begins his argument about the abstraction of the idea of beauty by emphasizing the excessive importance normally attached to the perception that philosophers have compared to the other groups. He believes that the rulers of the days, have natures quite distinct of those of philosophers. Rulers like other 'men of pleasure' are clouded and limited in their views of beauty. He cites the examples of the lovers who are so overwhelmed by there emotions of affection, love and attachment that "They love all, and turn blemishes into beauties. The snub-nosed youth is said to have a winning grace; the beak of another has a royal look; the featureless are faultless; the dark are manly, the fair angels; the sickly have a new term of endearment invented expressly for them, which is 'honey-pale.'Similarly lovers of wine and lovers of ambition also desire the objects of their affection in every form"(Republic, Book V) "As you are a man of pleasure, you will not have forgotten how indiscrim inate lovers are in their attachments; they love all, and turn blemishes into beauties. The snub-nosed youth is said to have a winning grace; the beak of another has a royal look; the featureless are faultless; the dark are manly, the fair angels; the sickly have a new term of endearment invented expressly for them, which is 'honey-pale.' Lovers of wine and lovers of ambition also desire the objects of their affection in every form. Now here comes the point:--The philosopher too is a lover of knowledge in every form; he has an insatiable curiosity. 'But will curiosity make a philosopher" (Republic, Book V) However the philosophical crux is missed in the process. For instance the philosophers are also lovers of knowledge in all form and also have a greedy curiosity to extend this knowledge to infinite. However the presence of mere curiosity doesn't imply that a philosophical attitude or approach is present. These philosophers attitude realizes that the brief and finite life the philosopher is more inward oriented to the soul. It is his soul that is hungrier for knowledge. We will never satisfy our real appetites without reason and to get reason ruling, we have to pass through the worldly appetites of wealth, power etc. A philosopher seeks honour and love. He is not frightened of death as he is less driven by the worldly appetite and more by the appetites of the soul like he seeks ho nour. The philosophical soul believes that there is something after death. And that it's a practice of death "Aporia" is state and place of not knowing. Real philosophical education is falling into a kind of death "here is the man

Socialization and Criminal Behavior Essay Example for Free

Socialization and Criminal Behavior Essay He was attractive, smart, and had a future in politics. He was also one of the most prolific serial killers in U. S. history. Ted Bundy screamed his innocence until his death in the electric chair became imminent, then he tried to use his victims one more time to keep himself alive. His plan failed and the world got a glimpse of the true evil inside him. Theodore Robert Cowell was born on November 24, 1946 in the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont. Ted’s biological father was an Air Force veteran, and was unknown to his son his whole life. His mother was Lousie Cowell. After she had her birth with him, they has moved back to Ted’s grandparents in Philadelphia. While growing up there, his was taught that his mother was actually his sister, and that his grandparents were his parents. They did this in order to protect his mother from harsh criticism and prejudice of being an unwed mother, At the age of four, him and his mother moved to Tacoma, Washington, with some relatives. It was there where his mother had fallen in love with a military cook named Johnnie Culpepper Bundy, In May 1951, his mother married the cook, and Ted had then assumed his stepfather’s last name, and had gotten the name Ted Bundy. During the marriage, they had more children, and Ted found himself babysitting many days after school. In school, he was terrible shy and uncomfortable in many social situations. He was often the one teased in school or made the head butt of the jokes and pranks. Author Stephen Michaud analyzed his behavior and decided that â€Å"he was not like the other children. Despite his parental circumstances and meager surroundings Bundy was well behaved and grew into an attractive teen who was generally liked and who performed well in school. Throughout his years at high school After high school he entered the University of Puget Sound and continued to do well academically, but felt uncomfortable around his fellow peers who were predominantly wealthy. In his sophomore year Bundy transferred to the University of Washington to escape the uncomfortable feeling of his financial inadequacy.

Hair Dying Essay -- Dying Hair Color Essays

Hair Dying As people look around the different cities of our fair country, one might notice that many people nowadays are coloring their hair to cover grey or just for the fun of it. One difference among the younger generation and the older generation is the colors that are chosen for their hair. The younger generation of this day and age seem to prefer wild colors such as Infra Red, Mystic Heather, Deadly Nightshade, Tiger Lily, etc, as self-expression compared to the older generation choosing natural shades to cover the signs of aging. This can be seen in the rising number of young people that are seen around with these types of wild colors. Not all young people choose the wild colors over natural shades because some choose the natural shades as self-expression. Not sticking to the ways of their parents, teens are showing they can be more independent. Many of us do not want to grow up to be like our parents so coloring our hair is one way to be different. In the past our parents were u sually prohibited to color their hair unless it was a natural shade suck as black or brown. Today, we are allowed to dye our hair colors such as Infra Red, AfterMidnight Blue, Pillarbox Red or even Electric Lizard Green. A website by the name of Manic Panic.com caters specifically to the needs of those who color their hair wild shades of reds, blues, purples, pinks, etc. This company was one of the world’s first creators of such colors. The site offers many colors from the spectrum of all colors. There are such colors as Green Envy, Pillarbox Red, Cotton Candy Pink, and Virgin Snow, just to name a few. The founders of the site created the hair products for others and also for their use so anyone can enjoy transforming dull or natu... ...means you are going to be a crook or anything like that. The positive evidence is that many people are making their children work hard in school before they can color their hair. By doing this parents are making their children better because they are getting the education they need in order to succeed in today’s society. References D'Angelo, J. (2002, June 27). Real Men Color Their Hair. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,56219,00.html Gooby. (n d.). Tish and Snooky’s Manic Panic N.Y.C. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from www.manicpanic.com Klensch, E. (1996, December 26). Hair in many hues -- trend will continue into '97. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9612/26/hair/index.html Raguet, H., Nissen L, & Matteuci, C. (2000). L ´Orà ©al. Retrieved March 17, 2004 from http://www.loreal.com/us/

Philosophy Of Torture Essay

Defining Torture Torture is any act where severe pain and suffering which is either mental or physical is intentionally inflicted into a person for the purpose of obtaining from him confession or information, by punishing him for the act he or third person is suspected of committing or has committed. It can also be intimidating or forcing him for the reason which is based on discrimination when such suffering is inflicted with consent of or at the instigation of public official or another person who is working in an official capacity. This excludes pain and suffering from incidental or lawful sanctions. In state sponsored torture, groups or individuals inflict torture on one another; in this case, torture is for the motive of sadistic gratification of torturer. There is prohibition of torture under international law and in domestic law in most countries. Amnesty international says that, in world governments, 75% of them currently practice torture. In history, torture has been used to effect political re-education. 21 century considers torture as violation of human rights and is unacceptable to the United Nations article 5. Torture and ill treatments are considered to be immoral by the international legal prohibitions. Torture is ordinarily and accidental discomfort for example, it is torture to be stuck in traffic jam for five hours. The paradox o torture is used where the methods used to inflict pain and humiliations are similar. For example, in games, players endure torturous discipline. This is also true with genitorture which is used in virtual parody because the real things have medical risks that are unacceptable. (Miller, 2006). Doctrine of Double Effect With Respect To Torture In doctrine of double effect, we encounter conflicts of right whereby there is right for a person not to be tortured and right to life and to be secure. The rights set limit to calculations of utilitarian override benefits of utilitarian but the rights themselves can conflict. Question arises as to whether there are some rights which are more basic compared to others, because of being more important to human life. Perhaps, right to liberty is taken to be more important than right to property and right to life more important than right to liberty. Right to life is the most basic right and is a precondition for existence of any other right. Some rights should never be overridden because they are basic. This can help in resolving possible conflicts. There is a contrast in killing an innocent person with the killing of someone in self defense. If someone threatens my life, he has already forfeited his right to life, if I can defend my own life by killing him, then I can do so. Therefore, if there is absolute right to life for an innocent person, it is wrong to kill him except in self defense. If a driver has five people working on his right hand track, and one person on the left hand track. If a tram is steered on left hand track, it would kill one person and if nothing is done, tram will kill five people. The question is as to whether he should steer on the left hand track and kill one person in order to save five people on the left hand track. The doctrine of double effect does not say it is okay to people who are innocent if you don’t intend it. It says that, it is right to do an action that result to unintended death of people who are innocent as the only way of preventing worse evil from happening. This means there is conflict between negative duty and negative duty, in this case, it is right to kill fewer than many. (Miller, 2006) argues that, there exists a moral difference between killing someone and allowing him to die. Some doctors can perform involuntary euthanasia in order to provide organ transplant. The overall benefit produced may be the greatest but the doctors can not just do that to people. Negative duties always correspond to negative right. For example right not to be killed. Positive ideas correspond to positive rights. For example right to give aid to save someone’s life. Duties that are negative are stricter than positive duties. For example, it is our duty to prevent deaths but it is not strict like duty not to kill. Failing to help people who are starving is bad but it is worse if you give them poisoned food. The terrorists announce that, they will use weapons to kill a city unless a young lawyer who is politically active kills his mother. The gang has already murdered several people and their threat is credible. The question is as to whether the lawyer is supposed to torture his mother up to death for him to prevent the terrorist attack. According to doctrine of double effect, if the lawyer does not torture his mother to death, he is not responsible for the murdered people because, terrorists are the ones responsible. The lawyer should not torture his mother to death because; this will encourage the terrorists to make similar threats later. What Is Wrong With Torture Torture inflicts pain that is unspeakable into the body of fellow human being who is at our mercy. A person who is tortured is helpless and bound. The person who is torturing stands before the person to be tortured with instruments. The question of unilateral disarmament is not there because the victim has no arms, even no use of two arms he was born with. Torture results to inequality because killing and abusing a person is as radical and denial of humanity. Torture is widespread, rationalized and sanctioned in memorandum that is long and is written by people who serve in high government authorities. It is easy to ratify this record through voting in order to confirm the chief authors in highest legal office in executive arm of government. Torture causes destruction to the soul and destroys body of the victim. There is boundary between humane treatment in prisons and the clear boundary is torture that exist between civilization and barbarism. Torture threatens the safety of someone’s family and inflicts suffering on the family in front of that person. Torture makes someone care for nothing other than the cessation of suffering. It breaks autonomy of someone by manipulating them in a manner that is dehumanizing. The cruel treatment is bad enough and is like slavery and lacks respect to someone’s humanity. Torture demoralizes someone and makes the tortured become anxious to spear out what tormentors would like to hear. He will be willing to remove the pressure by saying anything. Torture makes it easy to extract a confession of guilt through being ruthless that makes the innocent give in quickly. The process of dehumanization quickly obliterates the distinction between falsity and truth. All what will matter is what stop the torture. Torture make people who are tortured desire to end suffering, as a result, they can say anything and therefore they can not be taken to be truthful. This is opinion of many observers who are involved in interrogations. Torture results to flattering one another where senators showered each other with compliments, senator Hatch said that senator specter who is new judiciary chairman is the best lawyer who has ever served in senate of United States. This was agreed upon by Senator Biden who called Senator Specter, the finest lawyer of constitution in the country. This was laughter because; it is not in the country but in the senate. Torture hurts the image of United States to the whole world according to Senator Lindsey Graham. When United States wins the hearts and minds of the Arab world, this will be important for them to succeed in the world of terror. There are photographs that hurt their efforts. Gonzales refused every opportunity for repudiating the policies that brought about torture, it was agreed that, the person who was responsible for harming United States image is Abu Ghraib. This means that torture is unacceptable. (Miller, 2006). Dynamics of Torture According to united nation convention against torture, when people imagine torture, what they imagine is they being the victim. Perpetrator is seen as a sadist, diabolical in manner, someone inhuman, most likely male, foreign in accent and uncivilized. Yet the available evidence shows that, most of the torturers are normal people. We could be barbarians of our dreams as easy as we become victim. Many perpetrators take torture as a job and nothing more. In notorious case of police brutality, a prisoner was burned with a radiator and a cigarette; he then suffocated after the plastic bag was put over his head by police officers. His fingers, nose, ears and genitals were electro shocked. Goldstone argues that, the described type of abuse was not in any way limited to the usual beatings but went to esoteric areas such as planned torture and psychological techniques. Other members in the command were aware of systematic abuse and they actively participated in the same or failed to put that action to an end.   In torture of the republican sympathizers, Ordinary people become torturers and feel that society condone and protect the abuse and know who the victims are how their response to torture is and how citizens are bystanders who have the knowledge of what is happening and can never act. In totalitarian states, the appearance of torture in United States is thought to be free from that kind of thing. Many people want various places to be visited that are known to use torture; many people think torture is done in some backward civilization by ignorant and barely human people. But torture is something that everyone is capable of doing. Complicated perception of torture gives room for moments of identification with perpetrators and does not loose sight of moral center. There are two separate incidents of Israel raids into Palestine and questioning of the murder suspect in Chicago. Credible details were examined by policemen and torture was acknowledged as being necessary by the authority and was carried out methodically by policemen and soldiers. The torturers said that, extraordinary evil becomes an act which is casual to the torture when combination of personal frustrations and official duties are achieved. Any person can become torturer if he has the right opportunity, most torturers are bewildered by what has been done and their reluctance to accept full personal responsibility and how those seem to realize futility and inhumanity of the acts they have done. The important thing about unspeakable acts ordinary people is not in the unspeakable nature of neither act nor people ordinariness but the way people admit the torture fails to produce desired effects. The fact of torture being done and will continue to be performed despite available reasons is an argument which is very powerful. (Conroy, 2001) Torture for a Political Purpose Torture is used for political reasons, it is enforced through the policy of state and means of law administers it. It raises problems to people in the whole world and gives and indication of new responsibility. It is part of long struggle of mankind out of the shape of civilization that gives permission to full flowering of human rights. The state uses its powers to torture through the capacity it has to incarcerate and its monopoly on force. There are long campaigns of agitation that produce restraints which curtail them eventually. (Levinsion, 2004). The torture of prisoners under saddam Hussein was widespread and ended in death. This is also true with dozens of other regimes all over the world because torture is torture. It puts permanent scars in the victim even if reasonable marks are not seen in the body and other scars are left in the lives of those who perform it and those who allowed and encouraged it and these scars last for a long time. In Zimbabwe, independent journalists work under severe restrictions on whatever they report; those who criticized Mugabe in their article or offend the government are subject to arrest, imprisonment and are unofficially subject to torture. Every time a story is written, a journalist is likely to be arrested according to the words he used. Those words that do not please the government are not taken lightly and can result to arrest of the journalist. The European said, pressure against Mugabe would be increased if elections were stolen but have not done so because, there is a feeling that Zimbabwe crisis goes beyond responding to the diplomatic pressure. The united nation seems to be blind to the crisis, Security Council and human rights spoken and acted out against Mugabe’s tyranny. After Reeler requested human rights commission to help, they noted there were more killings in Gaza than Zimbabwe. Torture is used in punishment of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States are routinely treated as animals, they are brutalized and degraded. There are very few Americans who have raised their voices in the opposition to the shameful prison policies due to the inmates being viewed as being less than human. Torture is a vile and the dignity and right of individual is depraved, it is crime against humanity with no possible justification due to need to obtain information from a terrorist or a prisoner. It is sad because, in such instances, torture is inexcusable and overshadowed by due to the fact that it is regarded a punishment. (Miller, 2006) Social Context and Ethics of Torture   According to the United Nations convention against torture, prisoner abuse and other institutional violence blame a few isolated individuals. Social psychology put emphasis on the social contexts, which can make anyone confront, oppress and obey in abetting social behavior that is destructive. Meta analysis demonstrates quantitative reliability and imports of social context. The recent data indicates that the reaction to low status and oppositional out-group involves contempt, disgust and consistent with abuse. Together, social prejudices and social pressures are helpful in explaining recent scandals of abuse. Torture is never justifiable because, it depends on the context. A direct target of command of an enemy and control center with smart bomb with intention of killing is justifiable in combat. Even when you shoot an enemy, it is also justifiable in combat and nobody will have an argument that, when you kill somebody somehow, it causes less permanent damage than electrocution. However, in the torture of prisoners, they are in unique position and are not able to fight back. There are rules of protecting combatants so that they can surrender willingly. If an enemy can kill you or torture you if you surrender, you can fight to the last minute which cause loss of life. However, if intelligence indicates that major attacks averted by successful interrogation and holding back of information by prisoners can cause loss of life, then torture of last resort may be justified but not in a legal manner. It is unethical to take an action which is aggressive against a person with action that can result to loss of life. Legitimate government function is to protect the people from violence and force, if government consigns its people to death by protecting people who initiate violence, the government is failing in its responsibilities. We seek to offer protection to people who are innocent and protect their freedom. Sharia law tries to take our freedom away and enemies should not be allowed to achieve their goals. When we are not dealt with rationally, we can deal aggressively with initiators of war against us as the only moral response. Never initiate force but be against those who do and show them the true meaning of their violence. It is unethical if defenders shirk their duties to people through pulling punches with the people who would enslave and at the same time murder us. As we conduct ourselves in war on terror, we should always remember the meaning of true victory for the enemy. (Levinsion, 2004). Does Torture Work? Proponents insist that, it does while opponents say it doesn’t. The truth is somewhere between that it would give rise to key information in some cases, but it would be harmful in others. If a harsher interrogation yields valuable intelligence, the benefit must be weighed against enormous strategic cost. If reliability of a given argument is a wash, meaning no side will win, torture may or may not work as intended. The question that arises is the exact method that is used to extract information from suspects of terrorism and whether it is considered morally acceptable. Building trust is recommended method if there is enough time to build it. According to high court of justice in Israel, it was ruled that torture is illegal in spite of it being immediate threat to terrorist attack. If torture is used as last resort in order to save lives of enormous members, it should be done in the open; it should have accountability and be approved by Supreme Court of justice. Once torture is committed, the person should plead guilty to criminal charges. If there is a situation that is grave enough to give warrant resort to torture, it should be enough to loose job and go to jail. According to Palestinians detainees, there exists significant difference between abuse and methods used by Israel interrogators. In Israel they have rules and sophisticated techniques of breaking down prisoners. Prisoners are done much more than beatings. This is by going without food and sleep for three days which make them become eager to say anything. In social contract, an individual would surrender his liberty to exchange for protection but United States does not believe in that. Therefore, social contract is an agreement between government and people. (Miller, 2006). Are There Moral Justifications For Torture? Historically, psychologically and physically, torture is being used to suppress dissents, extract confession, force denunciation of other people, humiliate, punish and gather information. Torturers claim state of necessity. Other claim to get significant information that is why they justify torture. They emphasize on significance of information they gain than the torture itself. Torture is taken to be an evil that is necessary in fighting battle against greater evil. There exists information that is of moral significance and can only be discovered through torture. Torture is justified by state of necessity. The ticking time-bomb gives a crude utilitarian justification as to the use of torture. One man is tortured to save many innocent people. This serves as the basic claim of absolute prohibitionist. If one man can provide information about the timing of bombing, why not torture him in order to uncover information that is morally significant and of priority. If the information today justifies torture, there must be trained torturers and trainers and administrative and legal apparatus. Many professional say that there are better methods of obtaining actionable intelligence than by use of torture even if it is conducted under time constraints. When justifying morally significant information, it demands prior knowledge as to whether torture victim has information. Information must be actionable and avoid serious, imminent threat. For one to justify information using torture, the information must be previously unknown. It may not be meaningful information until someone has tortured, gotten the information and verified it for it to be meaningful. Should Torture Ever Be Justified? Failure to use interrogational torture is immoral and coldhearted. It is coldhearted because, in cases of true catastrophe, the failure to use preventive interrogative torture can lead to death of people who are innocent. When rights of suspects are upheld, it negates the rights and even the right to life of innocent people. Refusal to use torture is hypocritical especially when we are faced with serious threats to the life of Nation. Measures which are necessary in order to abate crisis should be taken. An uncompromising prohibition of torture may result to unrealistic standards that no one can wish to meet when in circumstances that are extremely exigent. (Miller, 2006) REFERENCES Miller S. (2006): Torture, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: Stanford university. Levinson S. (2004): ethics and politics of torture: Oxford University press. Conroy J. (2001): the dynamics of torture: university of California press. RL 32276, the UN convention against torture: CRS report.

Alcoholism final

Generally, alcoholism is considered more as a habitual disorder rather than a disease. It is self initiated and mostly can be prevented or controlled. It is as a result of over dependency on the substance (Alcohol) which is by itself a drug. Abuse of the substance consequently leads to Alcoholism. There are some symptoms surrounding alcoholism, which includes; a strong thirst and urge to per take the substance, withdrawal, shakiness of hands and in some cases the whole body, anxiety after stopping drinking.Once one has started the habit, it’s extremely difficult to stop, they in turn gain tolerance of the drink where one gradually increases the amount in order to feel the effect and get ‘high’. (Shebek J, Rindone JP. 2000) Addiction dependency In such cases, the body is accustomed to always having alcohol present which translates to you becoming a slave of the substance. Consequently, one experiences a strong urge for the drink and at this point alcohol has taken over your life where you become alcohol dependent.With time, it soon becomes the only thing you can think of and cannot do without. Surprisingly, people with alcohol dependency do not necessarily suffer liver diseases. This mostly is dependent on genes which vary from one individual to another. In some individuals, it is possible to drink heavily and die from liver diseases without ever developing alcohol dependency whereas in some they may develop alcohol dependency but do not have the liver diseases. (Goodwin, Donald W. 1988). Effects on body In the body, alcohol is quickly metabolized and absorbed by other nutrients.It is rapidly absorbed in the upper portion of the small intestine, where the alcohol laden blood then travels to the liver via the veins and capillaries of the digestive tract, which affects nearly every liver cell. Also, it affects every organ of the body though its most impact is upon the liver. Liver cells are forced to first metabolize the alcohol, letting the fa tty acids accumulate. Alcohol metabolism permanently changes liver cell structure, which results to impairment of the liver’s ability to metabolize fats. This is basically the reason behind fatty livers in heavy drinkers.A liver clogged with fat causes liver cells to become less efficient which consequently impairs a person nutritional health. Alcohol displaces calories from needed nutrients and also interferes with the body’s metabolism of nutrients leading to damage of the liver, digestive system and nearly every bodily organ. Prohibition of alcohol can greatly reduce its consumption and subsequently bring down the crime related to alcohol which in turn can save many lives and society from the ordeals emanated from this. Though this is not an easy case, it calls for both the law enforcers and society to play part in it.(Cadoret, Remi J. , et. al. , December, 1986) Religious connection with alcohol where Jesus changed water into wine. Jesus changing water into wine wa s a manifest of his powers to demonstrate that he was capable and had the transforming power to change people from tasteless ordinary people to very important people who bring joy and happiness to others. He used Mary’s simple request and servants’ obedience to reveal his glory. His intention was to give Christians a life like that of a wedding feast which is only celebrated once in a life time.Alcohol consumption was not considered a daily event but a one time thing which was meant to bring happy and memorable feelings but nowadays, it’s not the case. It has been abused by many and some have made it a daily thing meant to solve personal issues like stress other than celebrating occasional and important events. (Agape miracle fellowship 2003). Jesus changed water into wine where wine was and still is considered a low alcohol drink which if it’s taken occasionally in the right quantity and manner cannot lead to alcoholism addiction and disorders. Stand of health sources pertaining alcoholism.Heath sources have a stand on this vice where they advice people to keep off from alcohol as alcoholism is perceived as a self induced disease which can be avoided or cured if at all the patient is willing to forfeit alcohol completely for his/her sake of healing. People are advised to keep off from alcohol because its repercussions are immense and damaging to ones health which is something that can easily be avoided. (Gallant . D, 1987) I can strongly advice victims to try their level best to quit alcohol and for those who haven’t started and are maybe considering it, to reverse their decision before it is too late to turn back.They can avoid the ‘I wish I knew’ slogan by avoiding the ‘one sip’ thing is what leads to a bottle which later grows into bottles and before long one is already an alcoholic, a very difficult situation to turn back from. Governments should strongly play their roles of enforcing laws which will regulate the sale of alcohol, for instance they can raise taxes on alcoholic products to make it difficult for purchasers to ‘enjoy’ it daily. Also, it can consider burning importation of this cheap alcohol drinks which are pocket friendly and encourage daily consumption. References. Cadoret, Remi J. , et. al., (December, 1986) â€Å"An Adoption Study of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Drug Abuse. † Archives of General Psychiatry. 43: 1131-1136. Gallant . D, (1987), Alcoholism: A Guide to Diagnosis, Intervention, and Treatment . Colombia. Colombia University press. Goodwin, Donald W. (1988). Is Alcoholism Hereditary? New York: Ballantine Books, 2nd Ed. Shebek J, Rindone JP. (2000) â€Å"A Pilot Study Exploring the Effect of Kudzu Root on the Drinking Habits of Patients with Chronic Alcoholism. † J Altern Complement Med. 6, 1:45-8. Agapemiraclefellowship. (2003). miracle at marriage. www. agapeindia. com /miracle_03. .

How to Find the Capricornus Constellation

How to Find the Capricornus Constellation The constellation Capricornus makes up a small bent-up looking pattern in the sky near the constellation Sagittarius. The stars of Capricornus are best observed in the northern hemisphere summer (southern hemisphere winter). Its one of the oldest-known constellations in the sky and has long been the celestial avatar for a sea goat.   This chart shows Capricornus as a pair of triangles connected by a long line. Look for it near Sagittarius in the skies of July through late September. Carolyn Collins Petersen   Finding Capricornus To locate Capricornus, simply look for the constellation Sagittarius. Its in the southern skies for observers located north of the equator, and higher in the northern sky for folks south of the equator. Capricornus looks very much like a squashed-looking triangle. Some charts, like the one shown here, depict it as two triangles arranged along a long line. It lies along the ecliptic, which is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky throughout the year. The Moon and planets also appear to move roughly along the ecliptic.   All About Capricornus The star pattern we call Capricornus was known to the ancients at least as far back as the Middle Bronze Age, some 20 centuries before the Common Era. The Babylonians charted the pattern as the Goat-Fish. The Greeks saw it as Amalthea, the goat that saved the life of the infant god Zeus. Over time, Capricornus was referred to more frequently as a sea goat. In China, on the other hand, the constellation was described as a tortoise, while in the South Pacific it was viewed as a cavern. The Stars of Capricornus About 20 stars make up the pattern of Capricornus. The brightest star, ÃŽ ± Capricorni, is called Algedi. Its a multiple star system and its closest member is just over a hundred light-years away from us. The second-brightest star is called ÃŽ ² Capricorni, or more familiarly as Dabih. Its a giant yellow-colored star and is about 340 light-years away from us. One of the more peculiar stars in Capricornus is called delta Capricorni, or Deneb Algedi, which refers to the tail of the sea-goat. The brightest star in the ÃŽ ´ Capricorni multiple star system is whats known to astronomers as an eclipsing binary star. That means that one member of the star eclipses the other every so often, causing the brighter one to dim a bit. Astronomers are also intrigued by the chemical makeup of this strange star because it doesnt quite match the chemistry of other stars of its type. It also appears to rotate quite rapidly.  Ã‚   The official IAU constellation region of Capricornus shows the central pattern, plus other stars within the constellation outline. IAU/Sky Publishing.  Ã‚   Deep-Sky Objects in Capricornus Even though the constellation lies against near the backdrop of the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy, Capricornus doesnt have a lot of easily seen deep-sky objects. Observers with good telescopes can spy out a few very distant galaxies in its boundaries.   In our own galaxy, Capricornus contains the globular star cluster called M30. This tightly packed spherically shaped collection of stars was first observed and cataloged by Charles Messier back in 1764. Its visible through binoculars, but stargazers with a telescope see more details, and those with even larger instruments can make out individual stars in the cluster. M30 has more than a million times the mass of the Sun in its core, and stars that interact there affect each other in ways that astronomers are still working to understand. Its about 93 light-years across and is fairly close to the center of the Milky Way. A Hubble Space Telescope image of the globular cluster Messier 30 (M30) shows many stars tightly packed together at its core. This is the central region of the cluster. NASA/ESA/STScI   Globular clusters like M30 are companions to the Milky Way and contain very old stars. Some have stars much older than the galaxy itself, which indicates that they formed well before the Milky Way, perhaps more than 11 billion years ago. Globular cluster stars are what astronomers call metal-poor because they have very few of the heavier elements beyond hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres. Studying the metallicity of a star is one way to tell its age, because stars that formed early in the history of the universe, as these did, arent polluted with metals made by later generations of stars.  Ã¯ » ¿

The Changing US Political Symbolism of Blue and Red

The Changing US Political Symbolism of Blue and Red The Changing US Political Symbolism of Blue and Red The Changing US Political Symbolism of Blue and Red By Maeve Maddox In British politics, blue is associated with Britain’s conservative party, the Tories, whereas red is associated with the Labour Party. The same association of blue with political conservatism was once common in US politics, but now red is associated with the conservative party. This change became fixed following the presidential election of 2000. The reversal was driven by the use of colored maps to track election returns in the media. The first giant election map was introduced by NBC television in 1976. States in which the majority voted for the Republican candidate (Gerald Ford) were lighted in blue. States in which the vote went to the Democratic candidate (Jimmy Carter) were lighted in red. In 1980, both NBC and CBS used red for Carter (D) and blue for Reagan (R), but ABC, to the confusion of channel-switching viewers, used blue for Carter and red for Reagan. In 1984, ABC and CBS used red for Republicans and blue for Democrats, but NBC retained blue for Republicans and red for Democrats. NBC consistently used blue for Republicans and red for Democrats from 1976 to 1988, the period during which Roy Wetzel was the general manager of NBC’s election unit. Whereas the other networks seemed to have used the colors arbitrarily, Wetzel gave a reason for his consistency: â€Å"Without giving it a second thought, we said blue for conservatives, because that’s what the parliamentary system in London is, red for the more liberal party. And that settled it.† - â€Å"When Republicans Were Blue and Democrats Were Red,† Smithsonian Magazine, Oct. 31, 2012. Note: Graphics in British newspapers usually assign blue to Conservatives, red to Labour, and yellow to Liberal Democrats. In 2000, two of the networks, ABC and NBC, used red for Republicans and blue for Democrats on their election maps. NBC’s election chief, Tim Russert, is credited with popularizing the phrases â€Å"red states† and â€Å"blue states.† Reinforcing the red/blue associations in 2000 were two newspaper maps that came out two days after the disputed election. The New York Times and USA Today both published color-coded maps that assigned red to Bush and blue to Gore. By the time the next presidential election rolled around in 2004, all three networks had adopted the imagery of red for Republican and blue for Democrat. The terms â€Å"red states† and â€Å"blue states† are now common in American political discourse: While the Republican Party is poised to make major gains in red states in the battle for the U.S. Senate, the situation is flipped in governors’ races, where Republicans are facing a tough time defending chief executives who won office in blue states in the Obama backlash of 2010.- The Washington Times. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?7 Other Types of Pronouns

Manufacturing technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Manufacturing technology - Coursework Example The fuel is then compressed and burnt after which it is expelled. Al the fuel is then moved through the cam or pop shaft, this is then moved to the gear and finally to the tires. An automotive piston that is found in the gasoline engine can withstand temperatures of up to 573K. There is a coolant that runs through the engine block and it always has a temperature of 363K. The piston must be cold when it is fixed into the cylinder. The piston can withstand high pressure of up to 10KPa inside the cylinder. It can withstand different atmospheres; it is able to do well in high latitude as well as low latitude. However in high humidity the engine uses less fuel as compared to low humidity. 1 There are several materials that can be used to make an automotive piston. Some of this include aluminum and copper alloys. The material to be used should be able to withstand high temperatures to start with. This is because the temperature of the engine is too high and so the material has to be able t o withstand this without melting or having to expand a lot. The material also has to be able to withstand high pressure. A material that does not withstand high pressure cannot be used in the engine because of the high pressure that is experienced in the engine. Due to its high melting point and its ability to withstand high pressure and stress, the ideal material to be used is aluminum. ... The best however is the assembly of all the piston pins and rods. Before the assembly, the con rod is taken and there bores arranged in a parallel manner. This arrangement ensures that there is no bending of the cones when they are finally in use. Lubrication is another factor that is necessary. Before the pins are assembled in the cones care is needed to lubricate the pins to ensure that there is less friction between the pins and the cons. For the piston to withstand corrosion and abrasion it needs to be smoothened at the surfaces to make it look more clear and new. For better selection of which type manufacturing process is needed, CES process is used. The physical advantages as well as the cost of the processes are looked into. The software then gives out the best process to be used in terms of the cost and the mechanical advantages that it has to offer. Different methods contain different advantages but the best one that is used here is the manufacture by the powder rod technolo gy. This process is the simplification of the sinter and the extensional press processes. During the (PPAP) process no heat or even spark should be removed so the forging is done in completely heating and when it is totally enclosed in the dies. Two forms of forging are necessary these are the hot upsetting and the hot repressing. In the hot upsetting, the there is a significant amount of lateral flow. The production per part approval process is the manufacturing process that was used here. This process has been approved by various agencies in the government as well as many institutions of higher learning. Unlike the (APQP) which has been used in the development and automotives for the many years, (PPAP) has few failures when it comes

Review and critical analysis of any four articles Essay

Review and critical analysis of any four articles - Essay Example He is the author of more than twenty books that touch on American elections and politics. In this book, he brought together an anthology of about 13 essays touching on the 2012 presidential elections. The assembled essays are very compelling and most are reinforced with very useful data. In order to comprehensively analyze the highly competitive and hard-fought 2012 elections Larry needed pulled together election experts drawn from across the political spectrum to highlight every facet of the 2012 election. With contribution from other authors, they provided insight that goes beyond the headlines, and later dives into the underlying forces and drifts that swayed the election from its initial developments to its dramatic conclusion. These contributing writers include the following: Professor James Campbell of SUNY-Buffalo; Professor Diana Owen of Georgetown University; Professor Susan MacManus of the University of South Florida; Professor Alan Abramowitz of Emory University; Jamelle B ouie of American Prospect; Nate Cohn of The New Republic; Rhodes Cook, formerly of Congressional Quarterly; Political writers and commentators Kyle Kondik and Geoff Skelley of the University of Virginia Center for Politics respectively; Karen E. ... In the book â€Å"Barack Obama and the new America; the 2012 election and the changing face of politics† the contributors incorporate the controversial roles that unparalleled quantities of cash and media played in deciding on who would be the occupants of the Oval office together with the pivotal seats in the Congress. They also highlight the process of nomination, the futures of the Republican and Democratic parties, and how the latest demographic and geographic electoral assignments would influence the politics of America after 2012. America’s evolving electorate by Nate Cohn As cited by Sabato (122-126) contributors Robert Costa of National Review, publisher of Congressional Quarterly, and a former chairman of the Federal Elections Commission, and Nate Cohn of the New Republic, provide an in-depth analysis on a broad array of topics ranging from patterns of voting to the press coverage to the effects of outside funding. According to the article America’s evol ving electorate by Nate Cohn, the reelection of President Obama was documented to the third consecutive reelection of head of state, following Presidents Bush and Clinton-during the periods of terrorist attacks, war, sharp political divisions, and great financial turmoil. This has not occurred since the White House Tenures of Thomas Jefferson, James Munroe, and James Madison between 1801 and 1825. Since the US is recognized as the world’s superpower, voters recognized that it would face challenges regardless of who is in power. They also understand that presidents can not prevent bad things from happening, but are mainly held accountable on how they handle their