Effect Of Bilingualism On Cognition And Their Abilities Essay

The way a child develops can have many effects on their cognition and their abilities. One example of an effect on a child’s development is shown between the differences of bilinguals and monolinguals. When a child learns a second language, the mental abilities that adjust to that second language are flexible. The changes in the flexibility and the anatomical structure of a bilingual child’s brain are based on his/her neural plasticity. Which are eventually different from the change in the flexibitlity and the anatomical structure of a monolingual child. Although bilinguism exerts many effects on the developing brain, it still; however, conjures the idea of the causaulity of the differences and the anatomy differences compared to monoliguism. In forth of achieving this, many reserachers strive in studying the impact of bilinguism in one’s life by understanding the causaulity of the differences and the brain anatomy differences to that of monolinguism. Ellen Bialystok, Fergus I.M Craik, and Gigi Luk (2012) studied the impact of bilinguism in one’s life by explaining the effects of bilingualism on cognition and its mechanisms. Ellen et al. (2012) found that overall bilinguals exerted better executive control than monolinguals. One possibile mechanism of this difference was mainly due that bilinguals exerted usage of a joint activation. Meaning that, the bilinigual’s mind showed activation for both languageses and that there were an interaction between them, even whenShow MoreRelatedBilingualism Does Improve Brain Functioning919 Words   |  4 Pagescan deviate from the main language spoken, bilingualism does improve brain functioning, because your brain has to work harder to understand two languages simultaneously. This keeps the mind fresh, it requires the ability to switch from one language to another without losing detail of what topic is being spoken about, and it forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, which in turn works out the brain and strengthens its cognitive muscles. Bilingualism would definitely fall within the behaviorRead MoreBilingualism : A Culturally And Culturally Diverse Country Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagescountry will be introduced to two or more languages from birth and will develop proficiency in these languages following their significant exposure to both. This is referred to as simultaneous bilingualism (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004). There are many misconceptions about simultaneous bilingualism that are believed to be persistent in society, even within professional groups including teachers, doctors and speech-language therapists (Hamers Blanc, 2000; King Fogle, 2006). ThisRead MoreMultidimensional Effects Of Bilingualism1117 Words   |  5 Pagesscientists to examine bilingualism, its effects on cognition, and the processes bilingual individuals have used to control the languages they speak, understand and comprehend (Luo et al., 2012; Yow Li, 2015). Research presented the controversies of bilingualism and focused on the difficulty identifying who is or is not bilingual (Bialystok, 2011). Researchers agreed that bilingualism comprised of multidimensional aspects. Further, multidimensional aspects of bilingualism caused certain negativeRead MoreDisadvantages Of Bilingualism1104 Words   |  5 Pagesother individuals that share the same language, and being able to express yourself in a beautiful way, while expanding different cultures. Although being bilingual is an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage according to The effects of bilingualism on childrens cognition. In the 2014 article, Kristina R. Olson states that speaking two different languages can be tough. Olson states that modern day citizens are encouraged to teach their children two or more languages, because of the statistics shownRead MoreBilingualism Is The Ability By Individuals1208 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Bilingualism is the ability by individuals to use two linguistic systems languages. Children acquire bilingualism in their early years when they are regularly exposed to adults who speak two different languages such as German and French or English and Spanish. Research shows that the majority of people in the world today are bilingual, or multilingual (those who comprehend more than two languages), compared to monolingual (individuals who have learned only one language). While manyRead MoreBilingualism and Multiliteracies in Australia Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will demonstrate the research that is implemented on children with bilingual ability; discussing three main issues in bilingualism which is: the maintaining children’s first language, social and cognitive benefits, also why bilingualism should be in cooperated into school programming/curriculum. Bilingualism can be defined as the ability to speak and/or write in two languages. In Australia English is the main language although in 1996, statistics show that 15% (2.5 million people) ofRead MoreBilingual Education : The Problems1695 Words   |  7 Pagesshying away from it. Overall, bilingual education will mostly be helpful. Many people say that bilingual education helps students, no matter what age, develop flexible minds (Christoffels, 2015). Christoffels conducted a study on the effects of bilingualism on cognition, mainly the flexibility of the mind (2015). Christoffels studied Dutch high school students, both students in a bilingual education setting and students in a formal education setting (2015). He chose to study students who started aRead Moreintend to expose in their studies how Educational Neuroscience can reshape educational policies and1500 Words   |  6 Pagesactivation. This findings implicate a new approach in teaching language and reading in that it shows the impact of bilingual language exposure in children’s ability to achieve linguistic mastery and fluency and reading. Garbing and company proposed that bilingualism has a positive effect on executive controls. Since little is known about the effects of using two languages on an everyday basis; they intended to correlate it to executive functions through task based fMRIs, in which monolingual and bilingualRead MoreHow Bilingualism Affects Cognition And Whether Or Not The Effects3756 Words   |  16 Pagesera of multiculturalism has arisen and with it has come the ability (or requirement) to learn more than one language, or in other words, becoming a bilingual or multilingual individual. However, with this new trend, controversy has arisen as to how this affects performance in terms of cognitive abilities. The purpose of this essay is to find out to how bilingualism affects cognition and whether or not the effects are positive. Cognitions is the term used to describe the process of knowing, reasoningRead MoreEssay on What Sets the Human Race Apart from Other Species830 Words   |  4 PagesWhat sets the human race apart from other species on Earth? The answer can be summed up in three words; cognition, language, and creativity. We have the ability to think and create. The human race communicates in a unique way. Imagination is a powerful thing. We can form mental images, and through perseverance and combining cognitive forces with others, we can make those images reality. No species can create on the scale that we can. Sure, a beaver can build a dam, and a spider its web; but on a

Mass Spec Explanation in HTML Free Essays

Mass spectrometry can help determine the molecular formula and weight of a compound as well as provide isotope abundance data. Within a magnetic field the angle of deflection of charged particles is used to discover the relative masses of molecular fragments and ions. Several peaks are due to the contribution of Isotopes. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Spec Explanation in HTML or any similar topic only for you Order Now An Isotope refers to an atom having the same atomic number but a deferent number of neutrons, subtracting or adding mass. The mass spectrum of methyl chloride has a base peak at m/z=49 consisting of the most abundant Ion at 100% abundance. It also has a molecular ion peak at m/z=84 consisting of the molecular weight of methyl chloride at 80% abundance. By subtracting the base peak from the molecular Ion peak, It can be determined that the resulting 35 corresponds to CLC. The difference of other molecular fragments can be looked at to verify chlorine’s presence such as and corresponding to the CLC Isotope. The [M*2] rule also Identifies the CLC Isotope when looking at m/z=84, 86 and 86, 88. Each urn/z peak can represent a variety of different molecular mass fragments. The peaks arm=86 and 88 only have and abundance respectively, since both peaks are the results of isotopes. The CLC isotope has a 24% abundance naturally and ICC has a 1% abundance naturally. These low abundance percentages contribute to the smaller intensities of the m/z=86 and 88 peaks. While m/z=86 can be found with only one isotope of CLC, m/z=88 must contain at least two CLC isotopes making the intensity of its peak even less. Mass spectroscopy may identify a compound’s fragments and isotopes, but it also determines the purities of products. How to cite Mass Spec Explanation in HTML, Papers

Property Law (Equity and Trust)

Question: Describe about the Property Law (Equity and Trust). Answer: 1a. The executors obligations are characterized by what is known as the executor's oath. This is set out inside Section 25 of the Administration of Estates Act 1925, and affirms that the executor is to: Gather and get in the genuine and individual bequest of the perished, and oversee it as per law. At the point when required to do as such by the court, display on pledge in the court a full stock of the domain, and when so required, render a record of the organization of the bequest to the court. At the point when required to do as such by the high court, convey up the stipend of probate or organization. When a person dies, his or her property vests directly into the executor. An executor starts working when a grant of probate is obtained.Grant of probate is necessary when propertys value after paying funeral account is over 5,000 (Sutcliffe, n.d.). Executor has some legal, taxable and administrative duties to perform under which he has to identify, manage prepare an account of estate and therefore cruella can ask the executor to apply the annual income from her estate for the shelter and care of abandoned Dalmatians dogs in borough of North Kensington(Law on the web, 2016). So it is suggested or adviced to Cruella that as in a useful case of Re Estate of Crane various grounds were given upon which a executor was removed or being replaced by another person if he performs certain acts which are as follows: (a) if he has been convicted of bad character earlier. (b) if he has served or is in prison for some time. (c) if he has neglected to perform his duty etc.;(Re Estate of Potticary,1927) (d) if he is absent in abroad (f) he is unsound mind (h) he is not competent etc(thirteen wentworth selborne, 2015) So it can be clearly seen that executor is bound by the orders and it is his duty to perform as per the owner of estate wishes. 1b: Under Premises license (England and Wales) People additionally require a licence in the event they require to open the following types of entertainment: theatrical performance, showing a film etc (Gov of UK, 2015). It is truly essential to guarantee that both the venue and film should be authorized, as it's illegal to screen movies without the right licenses (any individual who does as such risks a powerful fine or even a jail sentence). So ensure that they should have everything set up to comply with the Licensing Act, 2003 with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act,1988)( British Film Institute,2015). In the official language, a trust is a lawful game plan where one or more individuals or an organization (called the trustees) controls cash or resources (called the trust property) which they should use for the advantage of one or more individuals (the beneficiary)(the money advice service, n.d.). Therefore Micky being the director can leave the money in the trust for building a cinema hall for the use of the employees of Pluto PLC and their children if proper license is taken under statutes so defined. 1c: There are certain roles and responsibilities to be followed by the trustees for the charity: Act in great advantage. Act sensibly and capably in all matters. To make use of charity money and estate as mentioned in the document. Settle on choices according to the use and the goals fixed as per the charity's administering record. There is also a Legal requirement which should be kept in mind that apart from fair price the agents ought to not monetarily benefit themselves without proper clearance from the administering papers or the committee. Such circumstances when obligations are being conflicted with personal benefit must be avoided. Some liabilities and risk factors are also present under which the trustees are punishable if they act illegally or dishonestly. In spite of the fact that your charity may keep running up obligations or different liabilities as an aftereffect of choices any one make, one and alternate trustees won't be at risk on the off chance that the one have: Acted legally, dependably and sensibly. Accompanied tenets in administering record. Acquired sensible strides to oversee dangers In any case, in the event that they fail to prove, they would be liable for breach of trust. They behave mutually so they will be jointly liable for reimbursement. Therefore, if Harry being the accountant and the trustee of Ravenclaw family trust signs a document authorizing trust money to be used for the construction of houses on the family estate so provided by Diggory the other trustee because of which the money was being paid in Diggorys own personal account. Harry would be liable for the breach of trust if they cannot prove the same as harry should have seen the documents before signing the same. So he would be held liable equally for the breach (Gov of UK, 2014). 2: In the case of Pennington v Waine [2002] EWCA CIV 227 the maxim i.e. Equity will not assist a volunteer have been used to complete a present of stocks in situations where in the giver have not affected a introduction of believe or anything important to put an impact an exchange of stock. The said maxim has been used in this case by following the case of Choithram which have been explained later. The principle have been elaborated from its past meaning where it could be seen that the donor have surely done everything necessary for her to have done to transfer fully. The principle has been accepted totally (Pennington v Waine, 2002). On account of T Choithram case, it was concluded that a substantial faith was produced on that estate apart from the fact that the individual have as of now kicked the bucket and have not exchanged the lawful claim in the charity estate to each of the joint trustees as trustees. The standard maintained by the court in Rose case applying the guideline was so connected that the settlor has to be taken to endeavoured to do everything essentially important to make a trust and in this way that the impartial charge in the property ought to be passes simultaneously as soon as possible (T Choithram International SA v Pagarani,2001). As imagined beneath, the guideline was comprehended as making a reconstructive believe and as a result no custom was expected to make that believe (and hence no foundation of the trust would be critical). Along these lines, it is obviously seen that the Maxim i.e. "Value won't help a Volunteer" have been totally connected in the present case by taking after Choithram. A "volunteer" is a man who has not offered thought to a particular trade. On the off chance that their conduct is held to be unconscionable worth will compel a valuable trust for the done (Burmby, 2013). The maxim, the reference of which is given in the above cases so stated is more broadly explained in this case and the transfer must be fairly and equitably distributed without any illegal or fraudulent act being conducted then the full meaning can be explained. References: British Film Institute. (2015). Licensing your community cinema. Retrieved on 15th Aug, 2016 from: https://www.bfi.org.uk/neighbourhoodcinema/licensing-your-community-cinema. Burmby.C. (2013). An Introduction to Trust Law: Equitable Maxims.The Student Lawyer.Retrieved on 15th Aug, 2016 from: https://thestudentlawyer.com/2013/10/16/an-introduction-to-trust-law-equitable-maxims/. Gov of UK.(2014). Setting up and running a charity guidance Trustee board: people and skills.Retrieved on 15th Aug, 2016 from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/trustee-board-people-and-skills. Gov of UK.(2015). Premises licence (England and Wales).Retrieved on 15th Aug, 2016 from: https://www.gov.uk/premises-licence.

The Persians twisted history and radical chic Essay Example For Students

The Persians: twisted history and radical chic Essay When I first approached Robert Aulettas new version of Aeschylus The Persians, I thought the concept had great merit. Sellarss decision to contemporize the play, relocating the action to modern-day Baghdad in the aftermath of Desert Storm, seemed to have justification, even merit. After all, Aeschylus tragedy, an audacious work which describes how Athens defeated the invading Persian host at the Battle of Salamis, but from the point of view of the vanquished Persian enemy, is seldom produced or even read these days. How many modern theatregoers, moreover, can identify the Battle of Salamis, let alone name its victor or the century in which it took place? A post-Desert Storm setting might bring the drama to vivid life. We will write a custom essay on The Persians: twisted history and radical chic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As an evening in the theatre, certainly, the production had excitement; more than two intermissionless hours flew by with scarcely a dull moment. Some of the casting decisions had a breathtaking rightness: Howie Seago, a deaf actor, was an inspired choice to play the ghost of Darius, his enraged signing creating a perfect complement to the characters otherworldly presence, and Javanese court dancer Martinus Miroto played the role of the messenger with true elegance. Yet my one reservation about Sellarss overriding directorial concept for the production festered and grew as the performance progressed. These two wars are far more different than they are alike. Persia in the early fifth century was a vast empire, controlling all Asia west of the Indus, which had invaded a gallant little city-state. It was a ruthless act of aggression, which was turned back in one of the most famous David-and-Goliath victories in history. To liken the devastation wrought by American-led allies in Desert Storm to tiny Athens defending its homeland seemed far beyond the greatest possible stretch. Outline1 Artistic Reaganism2 Battling disinformation  3 Leave Aeschylus out of it   Artistic Reaganism Auletta and Sellarss solution to the problem is equivalent to artistic Reaganism: Deny theres a problem, reinvent facts to suit your purpose, and then declare victory. In this ahistorical fantasia which bears Aeschylus name, we have preposterous references to Athens as the greatest power in the world. Aeschylus noble tragedy, complex in tone, becomes a shrill, unimaginative exercise in boilerplate anti-Americanism. Parenthetically, let me note that I have not the slightest objection to relocating classical drama in space and time; I opposed the excessive firepower used in Desert Storm by the Allied war machine (why do I have to say this?); and on many occasions I have greatly admired Peter Sellarss stagecraft. Yet stagecraft, however provocative or well achieved, is worth little unless it serves a coherent artistic vision, which this Persians lacked. Where was the refreshing evenhandedness of the directors inventive production of Nixon in China? Where the wit and humanity of his Trump Tower Figaro? The theatrical hubris of this production indicated to me that Sellars himself has entered into a state of imperial detachment approaching the Nixonian. Battling disinformation   The most depressing aspect of the production was the directors conscious abandonment of the stage as an artistic medium. In his program note, Sellars declares, One of the reasons, possibly, for theatre to continue to exist in our technological age is as a kind of alternative public information system, as if the production were intended to rectify the sort of disinformation that was parceled out by the Pentagon during Desert Storm. What a bleak, anti-aesthetic vision of the theatres mission at the centurys end, to make of the world stage a high-priced Village Voice with costumes and good lighting! And how transparently disingenuous: Does anyone believe that the audience for a Peter Sellars production of Aeschylus is a hotbed of fervent believers in Pentagon briefings? .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a , .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .postImageUrl , .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a , .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:hover , .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:visited , .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:active { border:0!important; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:active , .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u247c0c7e9fd5ac280b89902ce38dda6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of the Flamenco Dance EssayJust as disturbing was the directors twisting of history to suit his own ends. Sellarss program note contains this patent untruth: The Greeks stunningly defeated the Persians and enslaved them. (Is Sellars thinking of Alexander the Great, conqueror of Persia, who was born a hundred years after the death of Aeschylus? Even so, the word enslaved is hardly applicable.) This error could only be unimportant to one who believes that it was all such a long time ago that it doesnt really matter. Desert Storm matters because it happened to us, this argument suggests; the Battle of Salamis happened to a hunch of dead Greeks, so who cares about fact s. A dismaying suspicion presents itself: that the plays creators are seeking to validate their own political opinions with the cachet of Aeschylus name. Leave Aeschylus out of it   Whereas Thomas Bowdler improved Shakespeare by excising sentiments he deemed incompatible with contemporary morality, thus superimposing his own beliefs, Auletta and Sellars are putting their political convictionshundreds of dreary, prosy lines of theminto the mouths of Aeschylus characters. The sin of bowdlerization is not in perverting the text Aeschylus tragedy, to be found on the shelves of every good library in the world, is indestructible but rather in retaining the name of the mutilated author. We should be able to judge Auletta and Sellarss anti-American rant on its merits, and leave Aeschylus out of it. Aeschylus tragedy is above all a deeply patriotic work celebrating the victory of a free people over a despotic invader. To drape the piece with the trappings of radical chic, to make Aeschylus a sort of Joan Baez in a toga, is as intellectually slippery as using the Bible to propagate right-wing social ideology. Jamie James is an arts correspondent for The Times of London and a frequent contributor to the Sunday New York Times. His new book, The Music of the Spheres, a study of music and classical science, was published in May by Grove Press.

How The Irish essays

How The Irish essays Thomas Cahills book How the Irish Saved Civilization, is called the untold story of Irelands heroic role in maintaining western culture, from the fall of the Roman Empire until the European dark ages. The main point of this book, as specified in the books title, is how the Irish saved civilization. How they allegedly did that is the real meaning of this book. The author, Thomas Cahill, makes his views very clear throughout the entire book with the use of many facts, statistics and details. He clearly explains how Romes power crumbled and created chaos and anarchy all over Europe. Mr. Cahill does a magnificent job describing how European culture changed from the Roman to the medieval civilization, a civilization with a system of landlords and serfs. Other points of interest, which he made, are the spread of Irish missionaries and the study of St. Patrick. He covers two centuries of the early Middle Ages (5th and 6th) and he makes it enjoyable to read. First he starts the book by explaining to us how reliable history really is. Mr. Cahill doesnt necessarily agree with writer Emil Ciorans remark that history proves nothing because it contains everything (Cahill pg. 5). He says instead that every age writes history anew, reviewing deeds and texts of other ages from its own vantage point (Cahill pg. 5). He explains that todays historical accounts were largely written by Protestant Englishmen and Anglo-Saxon Protestant Americans; many historians have been discovering that not all of these works are always 100 percent reliable. He says that many of these historians have neglected the fact that without the contribution of the Irish monks of the past European civilization would not be the civilization, which we know today (Cahill pg. 5). Mr. Cahills main purpose is to explain how the Irish saved civilization, but first he sets the stage by explaining how a...

GE Global Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

GE Global - Coursework Example Though, the competitive advantage is tangible and many aspects of competitive advantage can be evaluated easily. In addition, competitive edge is the most important gauge for a business environment. Moreover, it is a significant aspect to maintain and achieve organizational success (Pietersen, 2012; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005). This paper outlines some of the major areas and aspects of GE Global Research Corporation for the assessment of its innovative capabilities. This paper also discusses that how this organization can achieve distinctive competence in the area of innovation. The basic aim of this research is to determine â€Å"how the company has bundled its technology resources to contribute to competitive advantage in its businesses. GE Global Research: An Overview GE Global Research is one of the world leading industrial research and analytical centers, which offers ground-breaking technology for all GE’s businesses. ... n is located in Niskayuna and New York along with three other corporate management and organizing multidisciplinary facilities in Shanghai (China), Bangalore (India) and Munich (Germany). Moreover, more than 2800 researchers are working at GE Global Research Corporation, with the purpose of bringing the next technological advancements that will transform the environment of GE businesses. Furthermore, GE Global Research Corporation possess a wide-ranging set of technology expertise varying from biosciences to computing, electronics to chemistry, materials to imaging, metallurgy to fluid mechanics and everything in between (General Electric Company, 2012). GE’s Deployment of Resources Attaining a competitive edge over other competitors and distinctive position in market and improving corporate performance in relation to their competitors are the major objectives that GE business especially wants to achieve. In this scenario, the competitive edge is an idea that turns out to be a main research area as far as strategic management is concerned. In order to strive successfully, organizational polices either locally or globally and standards must meet a long run policy as compared to policy formulation for a short term. Although this task is not simple to perform, in fact it requires ample efficiency, detailed overview or regulations and comprehensive analysis of policies. Thus, in an attempt to compete and maintain effectively, locally and internationally, GE businesses should not simply do extremely well in their area but as well continue in the long run. However, the accomplishment of such a â€Å"ground breaking and sustainable competitive advantage† and market position is not a possible without an appropriate road map or policy implementation. In addition, the

First Crusade Military Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

First Crusade Military Perspectives - Essay Example 72). At the beginning of 1113 A.C., Baldwin, the King of Jerusalem, raided into the seigniory of Damascus. Unable to oppose him single-handed, Toghtakin, the Lord of Damascus, invoked the assistance of Moudud of Mosul (Irwin 1998, p. 75). In July 1113 the combined forces of the Lords of Mosul, Damascus, Sinjar2, and Maridin marched into Palestine. In a battle near Tiberias, the Franks were routed with terrible loss, and a large number of them were drowned in the lake and in the Jordan. In June 11193 they were again defended at a place called al-Balat by Ilgazi, the Lord of Maridin. Even the Egyptians won some successes on the sea coast (p. 77). But the Crusaders had the whole of Europe at their back; the reinforcements which poured in for them from all parts of Christendom, the assasincation of Moudud, who was stabbed by a Batinia after the battle of Tiberias, and the division of the chiefs, all helped them to recover their grounds (p. 78). Sultan Muhammad died in 511 A.H., and this death was not without effect on the fortunes of the Muslims and Christians. He was succeeded in the over-lordship by his brother Sanjar, the last hero of a heroic race, and in the succession of his private dominions of his son Mahmud. In 516 A.H. Zangi obtained from Sultan Mahmud the city of Wasit as an appanage, and the post of Commissary4 at Basra. Four year later the government of Mosul and Upper Mesopotamia was conferred on him, with the title of Atabek ("Prince Tutor"5), and he was confirmed in this dignity by the letters patent of the Caliph (p. 80). In 1128 A.C., on the invitation of the people of Aleppo, who had suffered terribly from the depredations of the Crusaders6, he took possession of their city. Hamah followed the example of Aleppo (p. 81). The following year Zangi routed the Crusaders under the walls of al-Asarib, and captured the castle after a stout resistance. A short truce between Joscelin, the Count of Edessa, "the greatest demon of them all"7, enabled Zangi to take part in the inevitable civil was which broke out on the death of Sultan Mahmud (p. 85). Atabek Zangi did not long concern himself with the troubles in the East. His great work lay in Syria. The Crusaders were again in ferment; they had received large reinforcements from Europe, and had been joined by a Greek contingent under the personal command of the Emperor John Comnenus. They captured Buzaa, put the sword all the male inhabitants, and carried into captivity the women and children. They they marched upon Shaizar (Casarea), a day's journey from Hamah. The castle of Shaizar, the birthplace of Usamah8, was almost impregnable (Philip 2000). Usamah's works offer a mesmerizing counterpoint to Christian stories of their own conduct and the responses of their opponents. Actually, Usamah's amity with a number of the Franks set him aside to recover from revengeful insult, and his expressions on the inquisitive thoughts and behavior of the Franks remain a precious resource. Mystifying are the workings of the Maker, the Creator of everything! When one comes to relate cases about the Franks, he cannot but praised God