Manufacturing Beauty

Manufacturing Beauty Manufacturing Beauty Cindy Jackson in my opinion has major issues. She thinks beauty is on the outside and does whatever she can to make herself look like an imaginary person. It seems to me that she is doing all this to try to make money. Her website is all about selling cosmetics. In which I am betting she doesn’t even use herself, because if there is a flaw in her mind she corrects it with surgery, so why does she need cosmetics? I think that her self-esteem is still extremely low even after all the surgeries and it has been from the start. The physical attractiveness of a person influences every individual throughout every community, across the United States and around the world. All people inherit and alter their physical attractiveness, which is determined by complex, interdependent, physical, and non-physical factors. Hidden and not-hidden values drive thoughts and actions with significant effects and realities whereby higher physical attractiveness is beneficial, lower physical attractiveness is detrimental and associated pursuits are relentless. Physical attractiveness may look skin-deep as a surface aspect of appearance, but looks can be deceiving. Researchers throughout the world collect empirical data complemented with anecdotal data to probe beyond the surfaces. Through investigations that meet meticulous scientific methodological procedures, acute observations reveal previously undetected dimensions that advance understanding about physical attractiveness (Patzer, 2006). I think the mass media has a huge influence on her. Even according her, she wants to look like Barbie â€Å"I looked at a Barbie doll when I was 6 and said, ‘This is what I want to look like. ’ She spent $100,000 on the operations because she ‘wanted to look better’, â€Å"Barbie was the blank canvas I filled in all those years ago. It was still my role model. † Cindy believed she was being ‘held back by her looks’ and that with surgery to make her more like her idol, she believes she is happier and has a better quality in life. Although this example is both rare and extreme, it is interesting to observe a woman's behavior later in life, which so blatantly and clearly links her desire of appearance to a prototype presented to her as a child. (2009) I my opinion the theme of â€Å"Manufacturing Beauty† can mean several things. I think that for one and the main theme is that a person is doing everything they can to try to make themselves beautiful in everybody else’s eyes. This is impossible, because everybody sees beauty a different why. For instance, I might be attracted to a woman at first sight but after I get to know, I may not find her beautiful; because I think, beauty is on the inside and not the physical appearance. In conclusion, I do not approve of what she is doing but then I do not have to. I think she is giving young women a very bad influence. I wish young women would see that being different is a great thing and that looking like everybody else is very boring. References (2009). Living Doll. Retrieved from http://blamingthemedia. blogspot. com/2009_09_01_archive. html Patzer, G. (2006). The Power and Paradox of Physical Attractiveness

Promote child and young person Development Essay

Children and young people need an environment which is most likely to promote effective and confident child development where they can experience and environment of mutual respect and trust and open communication. We as practitioners need to reflect on our own practice where we can evaluate the contribution we have made to the support of child development and find ways that we can improve our practice. When reflecting on our practice we need to look at the ways in which we communicate with the children and young people such as varying with different methods of communications through a range of activities referring the stages of their development. We do this in our setting by looking at the plans and linking the activity to the EYFS and looking closely to new vocabulary and proposed learning outcomes that we will focus on whilst doing the activity. Good practice would be to evaluate the activity after the week and then look back at what you did or didn’t do such as explain new shapes and positional language in a physical activity. In our setting we will always ask each other, as colleagues, to see if they would like to input anything and just for a little reassurance that you are doing something the correct way and beneficial for the children. Bad practice would be to not allow the children to be experimental with the activity and for the activity to be purely adult led, this would not allow the children’s development to grow and progress. We will try to avoid situations in which children receive adult attention only in return for undesirable behaviour. Children crave attention whether it is positive or negative. If we give them this they may not feel the need to behave badly. We make sure that bad behaviour is not taken away from the rest of the group and that no one is singled out for their attention. We set these clear behaviour boundaries and rules so that the setting is able to run effectively with all the team members working towards the same aim. The children will also feel more secure and confident if they know what is expected of them, what is or isn’t acceptable. Being positive role models will help the children look up to us for guidance and to also copy the behaviour they witness therefore it is of great importance that we promote good behaviour by being polite, friendly, kind etc. How we treat unacceptable behaviour Physical punishment such as smacking or shaking will be neither used nor threatened within our setting. This is highly inappropriate and of course illegal and it could also be extremely frightening for children. Children will never be sent out of the room on their own as this would be very upsetting for the child and potentially very dangerous as anything could happen to them. They must be accompanied with an adult at all times. Techniques intended to single out and humiliate individuals will not be used. This will also be very upsetting for the child and very humiliating for them, so we at Priory Pre-school have a ‘’thinking chair’’ in place. This is for the children to think about their bad behaviour. Once they have had time to think, we will talk to them and make them understand what they have done was not nice and could have potentially hurt another child. We will always let them express themselves and the teacher will always listen to the child to allow them to explain why they did the bad behaviour. This will allow the teacher to find out more information about the incident. If a serious behavioural incident would occur such as racial or abuse, the behaviour will be made clear immediately by explanations from the children and not by blaming anyone. It is very important to make sure that the behaviour they are doing is not welcome at the pre-school and not the child themselves. It is important to quickly move on from the bad behaviour once dealt with and then concentrate on the child’s good behaviour. Adults will not raise their voices in a threatening manner as this would be frightening to the child. Talking and explaining to a child will be much more beneficial. We make sure that cultural expectations are regarded in the pre-school and to make sure that their wishes are met as it would be inappropriate for us to go against th em. We remember that all of the children at our pre-school are different and will react differently to being told off for their misbehaviour. Re-occurring behaviour problems will be tackled by the whole pre-school and the child’s parents using objective observation records to try to understand the cause of the situation. It is important to record observations to gain a larger picture of why the behaviour is occurring and the records could show numerous reasons and could possibly show a pattern of behaviour. We will  always keep the child’s parents informed about how we are managing it and the progress of the child. It helps to let the parent know as the parent can continue the same practices as what we at the pre-school will use. A multi-agency approach is the best way of ensuring that all of the child or young person’s developmental needs are met. Using multi agencies, such as community centres, institutions and services is very important when working with childre n and young people as it is an effective way of supporting the children, young people and their families and parents and carers with additional needs and helps to secure an improved outcome. For example, in our setting we have an educational psychiatrist who comes in and visits every term to help go through the Individual Education Plan (IEP) for two children to review the current plan and set new targets to improve their learning, these are specifically for children with special educational needs (SENCO). By visiting these agencies and working closely with professionals like this, it can support the early intervention process for children and young people to prevent problems occurring in the first place, or resolve present problems which in term will reduce the amount of referrals being made. By working with agencies, it will allow practitioners to work in an inclusive way by looking closely at the need of every child and young person and making sure they are valued and supported to ensure active participation in all areas of the curriculum. In our local community we use a few local agencies such as Houghton Regis Community Centre and Downside Community Centre who allow parents to visit them for meetings for extra help on how to promote good child development and general care taking for their children.

Link Crew Leader Essay

As a student, I try to achieve as many goals as possible. I have try to the best the student I could possibly be. I will admit this year wasn’t the best for me. My grades weren’t the greatest. But I don’t grades should be the only thing that determines a high school student. I think who the person is on the inside what makes a high school student. I am a very kind person. I hate injustice done on anyone. I always stand up for what I believe in. I feel everyone should be given a fair chance in anything they do. I love being able to help anyone. I love knowing something I do can change someone’s life. I use to do the Latin Club. I use to do the Earth Club. I use to do Build On. This year I have been more forced on the SATs and college. I want be a lawyer. Being able to someone is what love. The only thing I do outside of school is volunteer at the Norwalk Shelter. One challenge I faced in high school had to do with peer pressure. I was offered the chance to try weed. I knew that so many people at school did it, and I thought this was my chance to be popular. I didn’t do it. I realized those people didn’t want to be my friend. I realized that I didn’t need to be popular. I am happy with my life just the way it is. I know who my friends are and it isn’t those people. I realized I wanted to do it to become something I am not. I learned that day I should never lose my integrity. Someone once said, â€Å"Thoughts become words, words become actions, actions become character, character is everything. † I didn’t want to become that person I would have if I said yes. I wish I knew as a freshman to get involved more. When you are involved, it will help you in the long run, especially for college. Plus it is a great way to meet new people. In the lunch, I sit right across from the girl’s restroom in the cafeteria. I sit with a cool and supportive group of friends. I love them like family. There you have it, I little bit about myself. I really want to do Link Crew because you get to help people. I remember being a freshman and not having this help. I want to make a difference. To know that you can go to a person with anything is very important. I hope to be that person for a group of freshmen. Thanks for the opportunity.

Management Theories by Morgan, Fayol and Taylor Research Paper

Management Theories by Morgan, Fayol and Taylor - Research Paper Example The Fourteen principles that have been set down by Fayol are discussed in detail below: Specialization of Labor: Fayol’s first important principle was aimed at the specialization of labor. This is a very important aspect of management and needs to be taken into consideration while managing people. This is an important aspect of management. Specialization encourages continuous improvement in the skills and involves the development of improvements in methods. This is very beneficial for the companies and provides the company with better-skilled individuals, which in turn improves productivity. Authority: Authority plays a very important role in management and is very essential in managing people. It focuses on the right to give orders and show authority. Giving authority to a person means giving the person the right to do things. Also, a responsibility normally arises where a person is given the authority. Discipline: The next aspect is discipline this mainly deals with the idea of ensuring there is no slacking, bending of rules, and that all employees are obedient and respectful in the organization. It is essential that employees must obey and respect the rules that are prevalent in the organization. If there is effective leadership within an organization and a clear understanding between management and workers in regards to the organization’s rules, the discipline will be at the optimum level. Unity of Command: Unity of command refers to a situation where every employee has just one boss. This is essential to ensure management of the people is not confused between the needs of different people at different time. This plays a very important role as if every employee has just one boss, the employees will be more productive if the command is from one superior to avoid any confusions in the final outcome. Unity of Direction: Unity of direction is the next important aspect in the 14 principles by Fayol. This is very important just like the unity of command as if one person leads the team, all the planning is made by a single mind and the leading is much simpler since the team members need to work according to the plan.

How did certain factors encourage or inhibit the development of Essay

How did certain factors encourage or inhibit the development of certain types of the state systems in at least two geographical - Essay Example The rulers of the Persian Empire used autocracy, which was a practical tool to handle the vast and extremely social-culturally diverse empire. This is contrasted with the Greeks whose fierce sense of independence is meant that only through democratic systems could their state systems be maintained. Among these factors is that when the Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, it consisted of a large number of peoples from different ethnic groups within it stretching from the borders of Greece in the west to India in the east. It was for this reason that this far-flung empire had to have four main administrative centers which were headquartered in the cities of Pasargadae, Babylon, Ektabana, and Susa. Because of the diversity of the of the peoples within the empire, the rulers of Persia allowed the various regions which they ruled some autonomy in the form of the satrapy system and this consisted of administrative units that were organized according to a geographical basis. The g eography of Persia proper was harsh, being mostly arid or semi-arid, and this was influential in creating a hardy race of people who had to look outside their own homeland to acquire the items which were necessary for their survival (Mojtahed-Zadeh 275). As a result of the geographical as well as the population diversity of the empire, the rulers of the empire tended to appoint regional governors known as satraps, whose duties included being a vassal king to the Persian emperor. This administrative system was developed in such a way that these satraps administered the region on his behalf and oversaw the recruitment of the military whenever the emperor had a need for it. For such a large empire to function well, it was necessary to keep accurate records so that all the administrative activities within it could be carefully scrutinized and organized. In order to fulfill these purposes, under the authority of the various satraps, there were often officials whose work was to ensure tha t all the records of the government of these units were well kept and maintained. The administrative system of the Persian Empire was highly autocratic and this was necessary because the Persians had acquired their empire through conquest (Mojtahed-Zadeh 273). This meant that they had to govern their acquired territories with an iron fist to ensure that any forms of rebellion within their empire were suppressed. Therefore, the Persian administration gave immense power to the emperor who had the power of life or death over all his subjects meaning that he was an absolute monarch whose authority could not be questioned. The forms of democracy which were prevalent in the Greek cities were absent in Persia, and this may have been a factor in keeping the empire unified since all the authority within it was vested in the emperor, who could either delegate it to individuals or take it away as he pleased. It can therefore be said that the Persian Empire developed its autocratic system of go vernment as a response to the diversity in the population within it and it is this, more than anything else which ensured that the empire remained stable for several centuries. Ancient Greece on the other hand consisted of several hundred city states which were completely independent of each other and the

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example These wars are commonly known as Proxy wars. Each country tries to contain the expansion of the other. Russia targeted communism. Many historians believe that it had selfish motives planned, turning the supporting countries into military camps, funding the spread of communism in other continents and U.S. trying to cork the leak. In 1947 the U.S. president Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine which served as a platform to voice the very same notion of corking the leak. It was primarily announced to save Greek communists from being overcome by the Soviet Union. The doctrine however did not highlight the particular expansionist country, yet the core country was pretty much evident. It said that whoever tries to establish a stronghold over countries who do not wish to abide willingly will be tackled by the United States of America. The Soviet Union recognized this doctrine as a war cry. (Gaddis 1974). The Truman doctrine was in fact an open effort by the States to contain Communism within every nook of the world no matter how far reached it appeared to be. This laid open an invitation for cold war which proceeded as the States tried to handle various targets set forth by the post war Soviet Union circumstances. The announcement of this doctrine created many adversaries from within the country as well. Many were opposed to the fact of spending millions of dollars just for simple administration in various countries. They felt as if President Truman and the speech he delivered in front of the Congress in 1947 had obligated the country to kibosh communism in every other country. The feared the burden it would be laying on the economy and ultimately on the financial infrastructure. But Truman believed that this containment need not only be via military forces but through peaceful talks, negotiations and other economic means (Zajac, 2013). It felt as a need for the U.S. to provide

A movie star Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A movie star - Essay Example Undoubtedly, the way Heath portrayed and played the role of the Joker is irreplaceable and unbelievable. Surely, the makers of Dark Knight will be continue to face issues in finding a perfect replacement for Heath as Heath no longer stands and shines within the society. His performance as the joker was quite thought provoking and the way he managed to villainies the sets and story of Dark Knight clearly shows that Heath had worked hard for this character and had invested more than he could into the character. His performance as the joker can easily be compared to a king who is mentally unfit to rule and his psychotic nature was making every individual bow in front of him. The first words uttered by Heath Ledger as the Joker were â€Å"What doesn’t kill you, makes you stranger† and right after those words were spoken in the film, the movie continued to unfold in the most entertaining and uncertain manner. All the lines that were spoken by Joker were very well illustrated throughout the movie and even today these punch lines are remembered and used to reflect upon a world where a Joker exists and people fear him. One of the greatest scenes performed by heath during the movie was when he asked an individual about whether he wants to see a magic trick, then he place a pencil on the table and pushed the man’s head on the pencil, instantly killing him. The manner, the threatening voice and the uncertain move made by Heath ledger clearly reflected how a psychotic person thinks and how dangerous he can be. From this scene and after that every scene played by Joker in the movie had an unforgettable impact on all those who watched the movi e. Heath Ledger’s performance throughout the movie over shadowed every single performance of other cast members, it seemed as if he was sitting in the driving scene and was able to take the movie to whatever direction he wanted to and the rest followed his pursuit. Even though Batman is supposed to be

A4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A4 - Essay Example The Canons was prepared by a joint committee through the sponsorship of the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development, a coordinating body of technical engineering societies. It was published in January 1947, with a revision published in November of the same year, in the American Engineer. In 1948, the Board adopted a motion to encourage state societies to adopt the Canons as amended. In 1952 and 1957, the Board adopted Rules of Ethical Conduct and the Rules of Professional Conduct, respectively, to support the Canons. Then in June 1964, the Board adopted the National Society for Professional Engineers’ (NSPE’s) Code of Ethics to replace the Canons of Ethics for Engineers and Rules of Professional Conduct. The succeeding years saw several adjustments in the Code intended to attune its provisions to the developing environment. The more recent and pertinent additions to the Code were introduced in January 2003 and January 2006. The 2003 incorporation was a new section that reads: "Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in professional practice, participating in continuing education courses, reading in the technical literature and attending professional meetings and seminars." The new section was important in that it made it the duty of every professional engineer to keep his training and knowledge current with new developments. The 2006 addition to the Code is section (III.2.d.) which reads: "Engineers shall strive to adhere to the principles of sustainable development1 in order to protect the environment for future generation." While earlier amendments dealt with the formal relationships among engineers, their clients, colleagues, society and their profession, the 2006 amendment is the first vital

Sara Lee Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sara Lee Corporation - Case Study Example The strategy was also developed so as to allow the company to primarily focus its vital resources on the currently more profitable household products, beverages and foods industries with the aim of strengthening the company’s financial position. By the year 2007, Sara Lee’s Operating Excellence was seen not to be progressing as expected and hence the management introduced a new policy to help optimize the company’s overall productivity by initiating Project Accelerate (Thompson, et al., 243-256). Issues and Problems The seven units that Sara Lee divested generally included European nuts and snacks, direct sales, European and U.S. meats, U.S. retail coffee, European apparel, European Rice and Sara Lee branded apparel. By exiting from the operations of these eight businesses that the company perceived as being mainly nonstrategic, the company essentially followed a strategy that allowed it to increase its share of the corporate profits, due to the fact that most of the business units that the company retrenched were deemed as being unprofitable. By the year 2006, about five of these business units were seen to have negative net profit margins as well as negative operating margins. The European nuts and snacks, and the direct selling unit were essentially the only units that were generally profitable. These two units were experiencing declining operating margins and revenues apart from the increase in margins that they experienced in 2006 (Thompson, et al., 254). The decision to divest the company’s snack operations can be deemed as having been the correct one as the division was only able to produce net profits of about $3 million an amount which would not have resulted in considerably increasing the wealth of the company’s shareholders. In the deal to sell the unit, the company managed to receive about $70 million after taxes, this was a positive development as it was about 22 times the current net profit (Thompson, et al., 248 ). The decision to spin off Hanesbrands can essentially be seen to have resulted in seriously crippling Hanesbrands as it incurred a huge long-term debt that can potentially seriously affect its ability to turn considerable profits in the future (Thompson, et al., 248-249). The decision to sell its direct sales units can generally be regarded as having been a bad decision as the unit was drawing a profit margin of about 27% with an estimated income of about $54 million (Thompson, et al., 247). The direct sales division also served to expose Sara Lee corporation to other markets a factor which could have served to allow the company to potentially find new markets for some of its other products. However, by selling the unit, Sara Lee managed to receive a net gain of about 4 times of the unit’s current profits. An Analysis of Sara Lee Corporation’s Macro-Environment Pestle Analysis of Sara Lee Corporation There are various key factors that can be seen to be affecting Sara Lee’s Corporation’s external environment. Some of these factors include: Political Factors: Some of the main political factors affecting Sara Lee include the various political issues surrounding the company’s strategy of divesting its business operations. Economic Factors: The impact of the recent global recession was seen to have an effect on a number of industries across the world and was seen to also affect the operations of Sara Lee corporation. The company’s bimbo brand of fresh bread that was seen to be the market leader in packaged bread that was sold in Spain with an impressive market share of about 37 percent and was subsequently ranked as being the second-best-selling packaged bread in Spain happened to be rather severely affected by

Outlining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Outlining - Essay Example Twin studies have shown that there is an interaction between environmental factors and heredity. The preliminary outcomes from the conducted twin studies imply that both genetic factors and socialization processes are essential in human development (ibid). This is the scientific and systematic study of the biological underpinnings of social behavior. Sociobiologists in essence apply the principles of natural selection of the natural scientist Charles Darwin to the investigation of the human social behavior. They infer that specific forms of behavior become hereditarily connected to an organism if they play a significant role in is suitability to survive (Albrow, 1999). Individuals have diverse perceptions, sentiments, feelings and ideas about their identity and their attributes. However, these abilities of individuals to understand their position intrinsically and externally are not inborn. Sociologists argue that individuals establish their own description, which is the self. Both sociologists and psychologists have expressed interests in the process of individuals’ development and adjustment of the self because of social interactions (ibid). Cooley promoted the belief that individuals learn who they are through interacting with others. The viewpoint of individuals on themselves then not simply comes from direct reflection of their personal attributes, but also from their impression of how others identify them. Cooley referred to this process of self development as the looking-glass self which indicates that the self is the outcome of social interactions with other people (Schaefer, 1995). Georger Herbert Mead continued the tradition of sociological thinking of Cooley. He further explored the interactionist theory and the sociological understanding of the self. Mead formulated a useful model of the process by which the self surfaces, defined by three discrete stages (Smelser, 1967). These are the

Donatellos David Essay Example for Free

Donatellos David Essay The re-creation of David, a biblical hero, comes from three very notable works of art from history. The free standing sculptures are made by Donatello, Michelangelo and Bernini. Donatello is an artist and sculptor known for his exploration of human emotion and expression. He also known to use difficult mediums to make masterpieces. In Donatello’s depiction of David appears as a bronze work of art from the Italian Renaissance period. This is a life sized sculpture of David in the nude. Its dimensions are 5’2 Â ¼ in. (as tall as me!) and possibly created thruout 1446 1460. Michelangelo the second artist of a David sculpter, was a poet and an artist, he studied and apprenticed under many great artist. Michelangelo’s depiction of David is a work of art formed from marble made in the High Renaissance period made in 1623-1624 and took about seven months to complete. The height of this sculpture is 170cm. This also is a nude statue. The last work of art we will explore, is that of David, in Bernini’s depiction. Bernini was a sculptor, painter and playwright. He was the Vatican architect in 1692. His work of David was formed from marble, made in approximately 1504 around or in the Baroque period and stands about 5.17 meter tall (17ft.) The body composition and expressions on the face are all different in each work of art of David. Donatello’s work seems to explore a younger more adolescent view of David. The body composition seems strong, but strong for a teenaged underdeveloped boy. The arms, legs and thighs have very little muscle tone and do not seem strong at all. David’s hair is long and thick but stringy. His facial features are very soft, no hard or intense emotion. The hat and boots are extremely detailed, but I must say they make did look very lady-like. The arm resting on the hip and dainty physique looks more woman-like than boy. I think the genitals look very underdeveloped. There is muscle tone in the abdominals but the chest area even look like there are breasts forming. The eyes are large

Merchants Tale - Marriage Essay Example for Free

Merchants Tale Marriage Essay Geoffrey Chaucers presentation of marriage throughout The Canterbury Tales is, indeed, varied, abstract and supplemented by dispute over the sincerity of specific works. This literary inconsistency is strongly evident in The Merchants Tale, making it essential to address the disparity of its message on the topic of marriage. It could initially be assumed that the poem is not solely a cynical attack on marriage; Chaucer offers a somewhat objective overview of the issue, purveyed by the obvious difference in opinion of its characters, for example; the merchant in the prologue we wedded men live in sorwe and care1 and Januaries opinion in this world it [marriage] is a paradis2 or the differing judgements of both Justinus it is no childes pley3 and Placebo Dooth now in this matiere right as yow leste4 after Januaries consultation with them. By addressing the fact that the message fluctuates it could be argued that Chaucer offers multiple compatible interpretations. Should we interpret the opinion of Placebo in the same way as we should Justinus, or do the subsequent events of the Tale prove to us that we should primarily concern ourselves with the view of the more reasoned, objective character the name Justinus implies a judicial figure? Concerning an answer to the question, it is also important to address the relationship between Januarie and May, and the following cuckolding. Is it more a cynical attack on adultery than that of marriage? The fundamental basis for investigating the status of marriage in The Merchants Tale is to address the initial opinion of the merchant in the Prologue, and the subsequent irony at the beginning of the Tale. Chaucer directs the poem through the narration of the merchant, who has a clear cynical attitude towards his wife (in reaction to The Clerks Tale and patient Griselda), though not overly marriage in general: Thogh the feend to hire ycoupled were, She would him overmacche5 Here, he specifically links his wife with the devil, that she would defeat him if they were they coupled. He goes as far as demonising his wife and presenting her in an evil, even heretic manner. This is in stark contrast to his later comment, for who kan be so buxom as a wyf? 6, which emphasises the inconsistency of thought throughout the poem. The idea of a woman having dominance over a potent figure can be related to Mays apparent supremacy over Januarie and the Tale as a whole: And every signe that she koude make, Wel bet than Januarie, hir owene make7 She manipulates Januarie in the garden in a similar manner to the serpent (the devil) in Genesis, suggesting that May has crafty, cunning and stealthy attributes relative to a snake. Januarie is blind to her cunning in both a literal sense and a moral sense as Adam is initially to the serpents influence. Januarie is manipulated by his wife as Adam is by his. Chaucer also refers to the realisation of sin, as with Adam, Januarie becomes aware of nakedness with the literal return of his sight, viewing his wife, May, actively engaging in a sinful act of adultery with Damyan, further linking wyfs with the devil. These religious connotations and the vivid sensitive view of cuckolding (and adultery) suggest the Tale is providing a cynical attack on marriage for a clerical purpose. When this is related to Januaries ambiguous, yet seemingly devout, reasons for taking a wife it can still be believed that Chaucer is addressing a particularly religious theme, albeit this should be addressed with caution when consulting the merchants narration:

American Sign Language As A Language Education Essay

American Sign Language As A Language Education Essay In this chapter, a review of the literature that serves as a foundation for this study is presented. The literature review addresses the theoretical basis of considering American Sign Language as a language, issues in the administration of modern/foreign language programs that parallel the concerns of sign language program administrators, national language program standards, the history of the teaching and administration of post-secondary sign language programs including information on the academic acceptance of sign language in higher education. Concluding this chapter will be a discussion on the state of the literature. American Sign Language as a Language The discussion of ASL and its membership as a language did not occur before William Stokoe, of Gallaudet University in Washington D.C., breached the topic in 1955. Many educators believed sign language was a system of pantomime or broken English. This belief was also held by the deaf individuals themselves (Miller, 2008). Stokoe believed that ASL was indeed a naturally occurring and distinct language ustilized by deaf people and could be studied as a language (Stokoe, 1960 ). Stokoes research spanned from 1955 to 1965 and covered signing as a linguistic system and signs as a part of the system. The first American Sign Language Dictionary was published in 1965 at the conclusion of the first part of Stokoes research. The focus part of Stokeoes continued research focused on the syntax of the language and its importance to teaching English to deaf children. Dr Stokoe asserts he was in constant contact with the Center for Applied Linguistics, the Georgetown University School of Language a nd Linguistics, and the Washington Linguistics Club, laying the foundation and belief that parts of sign language grammar paralleled parts of the languages they were studying (Stokoe, 1990). Stokoe believed signs could be taken apart and analyzed into parts allowing researchers and linguists to study how the language works, how they evolved, and how they could be taught. The work of William Stokoe was not widely accepted among all professionals. Since the 1970s many have argued against the language classification for ASL and especially that of foreign language (Stokoe, 1960; Wilcox, 1990). ASL was studied and analyzed without further evidence that it was a full blown language. Questions have been raised regarding ASLs legitimacy as a foreign language. The following are a set of questions that are common among critics of ASL. (a) Isnt ASL indigenous to the United States and therefore not foreign? (b) Isnt ASL a derivative of English which would disqualify it as a separate language? (c) Is ASL naturally occurring and evolving? (d) If ASL is not written, how can it have a culture? (e) Is there a body of literature to support ASL and its culture? All of these questions have been asked over the decades and have been the major road blocks to ASL being recognized as a language. William Stokoe effectively answered these questions over several years which have been supported by several other scholars in linguistics and culture. In response to the questions regarding whether or not ASL is a language, Stokoe explains in detail with books and dictionaries the morphology, phonology, syntax, as well as semantics and pragmatics and how it differs from that of English or other spoken languages (Stokoe, 1960). Wilcox Peyton (1999) state, ASL is a fully developed language, one of hundreds of naturally occurring sign languages in the world. Conover (1997) states that one is not likely to find much opposition to ASL as a language form linguists, however the most resistance comes from colleges and universities who do not believe ASL should be taught as a foreign language (Miller, 2008). There is a great deal of research, according to Wilcox Peyton (1999), which demonstrates that ASL grammar is radically different from English grammar; it contains structures and process es which English lacks (Wilcox, 1999; Vigoda, 1993). When comparing American Sign Language to other accepted foreign languages one must take in to account that Navajo and several other Native American languages are widely accepted as foreign languages, being even more indigenous to America than ASL. A language need not be foreign to be considered a foreign language (Wilcox, S. Wilcox, P., 1991). In response to the literature question, researchers have found a vast body of literature among deaf people (Cooper et al, 2008; Armstrong, 1988). The literature is not in a written traditional form but, like Native American languages, through story telling passed from generation to generation. With modern technology these very old stories can now be viewed on the internet and on DVDs. The widespread use of storytelling in deaf culture has become more and more available to the general population. ASL continues to be a topic of research at numerous universities and has evolved to be the lead topic in language acquisition, eurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropology, cognitive studies, teaching methods, and assessment of sign language skills (Jacobowitz, 2005; Miller, 2008). Empirical research on language in the human brain has provided support for Stokoes initial findings. Studies focused on neural processing of signed language found the same areas of the brain are used to process spoken language (Hickok et al., 2001). The New York Times in 1992 argues ASL is a language because it uses the same elements of spoken language and is organized like any other spoken language (Hickok et al., 2001; Stokoe, 2005). Two linguists from the Salk Institute, Klima and Bellugi (1979) began studying sign language in the 1960s, they wondered whether ASL was an language as other linguists understand that concept. The findings of Klima and Bellugi (1979) supported the linguistic components of ASL, which they called a complexly structured language with a highly articulated grammar, a language that exhibits many of the fundamental properties linguists have posited for all languages (p. 4). Definitions of ASL continued in 1980 with Baker and Cokely indicating ASL is a visual-gestural language created by deaf people (p. 47). They defined the language as a system of relatively arbitrary symbols and grammatical signals that change across time and that members of a community share and use for several purposes: to interact with each other, to communicate their ideas, emotions, intentions, and to transmit their culture from generation to generation (p. 31). Issues of Administration Administrators of LOTE programs often face issues that are not unique to their program. Instructors of American Sign Language often rely on the philosophies, policies, theories, and strategies used in other programs that teach LOTE. Concerns faced by ASL administrators often face similar concerns of LOTE Administrators. A study conducted by the MLA in 1989 showed that language requirements varied depending on the type of language program, and type of institution. More than half of the institutions surveyed (58.5% public, 41.5% private) viewed language study as essential to a well-rounded education (Cooper, 1997, p.29; Huber, 1989). Additionally the MLA study indicated that 87% of the institutions housed all languages within one divisional unit. Of those institutions the languages were housed with other non-language courses and in departments outside of the language emphasis such as philosophy and Humanities. Essentially, the study finds that administrative decisions regarding language instruction was made by departments and administrators with no experience in LOTE. Huber (1989) suggests foreign language instruction may take a secondary role to English when both are offered in the same department. Over half (56%) that offered a degree in English did not offer a degree in LOTE, and those that offered a MA in English only offered a BA in some of the other languages. Huber (1989) also suggests that language programs may be housed in non-language departments because of resource restraints or low student interest. A study of 1000 foreign language department chairs done by Cardenas (1988) indicated over seventy percent (73.7%) of the respondents found one of the most frustrating pieces of administration of the language departments was the lack of momentum with their own research and teaching. Much of the frustration was motivating unproductive faculty (60.2%), faculty evaluations (54.3%), managing the budget (51.7%), and recruiting part-time faculty (48.3%). National Language Program Standards The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) states as part of their philosophy that Language and communication are at the heart of the human experience (ACTFL).   The organization goes on to say they envision a future in which ALL students will develop and maintain proficiency in English and at least one other language, modern or classical (ACTFL). In essence these statements open the door for all forms of communication that meet the standards of language learning. The Standards for Foreign Language Learning; Preparing for the 21st Century has been a mainstay for guidance of foreign language instruction. These standards, according to the ACTFL, are called the 5 Cs (Communicate, Culture, Connect, Compare, and Community). According to Lear and Abbott (2008) To comply with these standards, the successful student will use language to communicate for real purposes, understand multicultural and global issues, connect with other disciplines and acquire new knowledge, make comparisons with their own language and culture, and participate in multilingual communities(Lear Abbott, 2008, p. 77) (Table 1). A language program should attempt as much of the 5 Cs as possible, however little discussion is found to what extent each must be accomplished (Lear Abbott, 2008). It is widely accepted that goal 5 is difficult to accomplish in a closed classroom setting. In a position paper by the ACTFL in 2011 ASL was recognized as a LOTE when it stated, Communication for a classical language refers to an emphasis on reading ability and for American Sign Language (ASL) to signed communicative ability (ACTFL Position Statements, 2011). The publication of Standards became known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢genericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- version of standards in that it addressed issues and delineated standards common to all second-language learning yet contained examples in many languages (Phillips, J. Abbott, M. 2011, p.1). From 2005 to 2010, the American Sign Language Teachers Association (ASLTA) and the National Consortium of Interpreter Education Centers (NCIEC) collaborated on Table 1. A complete listing of ACTFLs Standards for Foreign Language Learning. Communication Communicate in Language Other Than English Standard 1.1: Students engage in conversations, provide and obtain information, express feelings and emotions, and exchange opinions. Standard 1.2: Students understand and interpret written and spoken language on a variety of topics. Standard 1.3: Students present information, concepts, and ideas to an audience of listeners or readers on a variety of topics. Cultures Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Cultures Standard 2.1: Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the practices and perspectives of the culture studied. Standard 2.2: Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the products and perspectives of the culture studied. Connections Connect with Other Disciplines and Acquire Information Standard 3.1: Students reinforce and further their knowledge of other disciplines through the foreign language. Standard 3.2: Students acquire information and recognize the distinctive viewpoints that are only available through the foreign language and its cultures. Comparisons Develop Insight in the Nature of Language and Culture Standard 4.1: Students demonstrate understanding of the nature of language through comparisons of the language studied and their own. Standard 4.2: Students demonstrate understanding of the concept of culture through comparisons of the cultures studied and their own. Communities Participate in Multilingual Communities at Home and Around the World Standard 5.1: Students use the language both within and beyond the school setting. Standard 5.2: Students show evidence of becoming life-long learners by using the language for personal enjoyment and enrichment. the development of standards for ASL instruction as a guide to teachers and administrators of sign language programs. These standards utilized the ACTFLs Standards for Foreign Language Learning framework. The standards use the same 5 Cs of language instruction and are printed as part of the 2012 ACTFL Standards for Foreign Language Learning (Phillips, J. Abbott, M. 2011). Originally the standards were written with nine languages being considered: Chinese, Classical Languages, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish the Standards have expanded to include languages other than the original nine. Standards for learning Arabic are now in the printed version; they have also been developed for Hindi, Swahili, Korean and American Sign Language (Phillips, J. Abbott, M. 2011). History of Academic Acceptance of Sign Language Sign Language appeared as a language for the first time beginning in the mid-1960s when Stoke, Casterline, and Croneberg published the Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. This event gave linguistic recognition to ASL for the first time in its history, although very few people recognized the event as significant (Wilcox, S. Wilcox, P, 1991). Depaul University has been recognized as the first university in the United States to offer sign language classes in 1965 (Shroyer Holmes, 1980). The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) built a Communication Skills Program in 1967 in an attempt to spur language acquisition in schools, universities and programs who serve deaf people by offering sign language classes (Newel, 1995a). During the same period of time several sign systems were invented to assist in teaching deaf children English. The most popular systems used were Seeing Essential English (SEE I), Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE), and Signing Exact English (SEE II) (Cooper, 1997). The purpose of these sign systems was to simplify the process of teaching English to deaf children; however, over time they became recognized as sign systems and were taught as varying sign language classed in colleges and universities (Cooper 1997). Other events in the 1960s and 1970s contributed to the increased availability of sign language classes in schools and higher education. Research and publications by Stoke (1966 1990), Klimba and Bellugi (1979), Wilbur (1979, 1987), and Cokely and Baker (1980) added support for the general acceptance of ASL as a language (Cooper, 1997). Legislation also played an important role for sign language in the schools as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and PL94-142 of 1975 expanded the requirement to provide Sign Language Interpreters in the classroom as a service for deaf students. The caused an increased need for skilled hearing individuals to learn sign language so that interpreters may be available in the schools when required. Interpreter training programs gained federal funding in an effort to relieve the pressure for skilled interpreters (Newell, 1995b). Implications for Future Research Additional and ongoing research regarding individual views regarding sign language is needed including tracking the growth of programs nationally would be beneficial. Future research in development of ASL programs regionally is essential particularly as it partners with LOTE programs. Current data on institutions that recognize ASL as a LOTE and houses it with other languages is important. Particular interest regarding institutions that discontinue their programs and the reasons behind it would be valued. This study did not address certifications of teachers currently working as ASL instructors however data regarding the fact is needed to assess future needs in training instructors in the language. The correlation of signing and non-signing administrators was not examined. Neither was the ethnicity or gender discussed although this would be interesting to research for further influence among minorities and genders. Evaluation of the State of the Literature Regarding current research the surveys administered should be shorter in length to increase the participation rate of responders. Additional information regarding majors, minors, and other university requirements would be helpful including where the sign language program is housed. For example, knowing if the program is a stand-alone program, part of another language department, or listed for credit as an elective would assist institutions in making decisions on language administration. The research to this point in history has focused mainly on which schools accept ASL for credit and the overarching reasons why some may not accept it. Not a lot of research has been done to discuss the programs reasons for acceptance or the process of approval if they were able to secure approval. This research attempts to answer the question many researchers failed to answer, which is a more detailed understanding of personal views of ASL by administrators of languages other than English. Past research has been able to list categories of rejection or acceptance and attempted to list which institutions have been able to recognize sign language for credit on par with other languages at the institutions. The question left unanswered are at what level does ASL receive the most support or resistance in the process of gaining recognition as a language at the institutions. This is important for future organizations who seek approval at various colleges and universities. Additionally, the overall acceptance of sign language in various countries would also be valued to find the international point of view of sign language as it is compared to the United States.

From Paleolithic to the Modern World :: World History

From Paleolithic to the Modern World Before the existence of an advanced civilization many steps of evolution is required. The complex human society is one of the best examples there is. For example the revolutionary steps from the Paleolithic and the Neolithic to the Modern World is filled with wonder and awe. However, the ascents involved is not that extraordinary; if it is being closely observed. Foremost, the Nomadic People of the Paleolithic Age depends heavily on the moving herds of animals for food and sometimes even clothing. Therefore, nomads of Paleolithic Age follow their preys and move with them as the various animals migrates as the season changes through out the year. Even though the nomads' food source was usually abundant and finding of shelters were not much of a problem, but the ongoing journeys with the hunted animals provides little security against several other different big game predators, that preys upon both men and the animals nomads travel with. The harsh environment nomads face gradually forced them to discover a much easier lifestyle. And that began the age of Neolithic or the New Stone Age. During the New Stone age people started to settle down and build their own shelters instead of dwelling in caves. Also the once nomads learned how to grow their own food. As a result population grew as life became easier and more bearable. The result of the population growth directly affected the early people in many ways. One of them is that due to scarce food during the nomadic period, clans had to dispatch extra members when it reach to a certain number. However, with the much more settled society be rid of extra members is no longer necessary. Therefore, more manual labors were available when needed. As the early people learned how to adapt and modify to the environment that they lived in, more advanced settlements began to emerge.

The Future of Traditional Retailing :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Future of Traditional Retailing Retailing can be vaguely described as the business of selling goods or services to the final customer. This particular area of business is extremely important to the economy, totaling an estimated three trillion dollars in sales per year. Retailers are in constant battle among themselves to find new and innovative ways to meet the customers’ needs and wants in order to secure a share of the market. There are numerous channels through which retailing can be performed. The most prominent form is the brick-and-mortar operation. This category consists of the physical store locations where customers can go to browse through the selection of merchandise. These operations have been a staple in communities for years past and will most likely remain for years to come. However, their stronghold on the retail industry is being seriously threatened by the extraordinary growth of e-commerce. E-commerce is defined as the business of retailing conducted over the Internet. Although the retailing industry is a driving force behind the economy, its magnitude leaves little room for growth. The industry has reached its maturity, sales have not grown in great proportions, and expansion has slowed (Loeb, May 1998). In addition, the level of competition is at a high. Customers have more choices than ever on how to spend their dollar with the abundance of stores and catalogs (Maruca, Jul/Aug 1999). These conditions have lead retailers to search for a different channel by which to reach consumers. A relatively new development has been the introduction of Internet-based retailing. It is estimated that online sales have tripled between 1997 and 1998, reaching roughly nine billion dollars. With the growing number of households joining the Web each day, projections indicate no signs of slowing down anytime soon (Anonymous, Aug 1999). Interactive retailing can prove to be a real threat to existing businesses. A recent article by Bob Woods discussed a report from Jupiter Communications LLC which â€Å"claims that most of the growth will come at the expense of traditional retailing† (Aug 13, 1999, p. 11). The report goes on to state that a large part of Internet sales is not growth, but a shift in dollars from traditional retail channels. In order to regain lost sales, many brick-and-mortar outlets have ventured into the World Wide Web.

Air Pollution :: essays research papers fc

Problem The first thing people see, in the morning, when they walk outside is the sky or the colored sun. Is this world giving us the privilege of seeing the natural colors of the sun through all the layers of pollution within the air (Dinanike 31)? Not only are beautiful sights such as this hidden behind the pollution this world causes everyday, but an increase in diseases, infections and death occurs. What causes pollution? What can we do to prevent it,and get rid of it? Is it fair to the children of the future to have to suffer the consequences that pollution causes? Why not take care of the problem now? Factory and business owners have the ability to prevent air pollution. Air pollution is the presence in the atmosphere of harmful gases, liquids, or solids. Air pollution, known as smoke pollution for many years, resulted from coal combustion (Hodges 526). Smog has been a problem in coal-burning areas for several centuries. Smog finally decreased when coal combustion was replaced by oil a nd gas combustion. Air pollution is caused by a number of different types of pollutants. The first type, particulate matter, consists of solid and liquid aerosols suspended in the atmosphere. These arise from the burning of coal and from industrial processes. Atmospheric particles can scatter and absorb sunlight which reduces visibility. Particles also reduce visibility by attenuating the light from objects and illuminating the air causing the contrast between the objects and their backgrounds to reduce. Not only does it effect visibility, but it hastens the erosion of building materials and the corrosion of metals, interferes with the human respiratory system, and brings toxic materials into the body. The small particles cause chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and lung cancer (Hodges 59). The second type is sulfur oxides which come from the burning of coal and industrial processes. Damage to materials, to vegetation, and to the human respiratory system are caused by the acid nature of oxides. Small quantities of sulfur oxides can increase illness and mortality (Hodges 59). The third type of pollutant is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas against which humans have no protection. Carbon monoxide comes from the exhaust of gasoline-powered vehicles and secondarily from industrial processes (Hamer 45). Hemoglobin, which is in the blood, combines with carbon monoxide and carries less oxygen to body tissues causing health and heart effects. Some health problems come

Dunlap V. Tennessee Valley Authority

1. What were the legal issues in this case? The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit was to determine if the plaintiff, David Dunlap Dunlap, had met the burden of proof that the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was liable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by intentionally discriminating against him under both disparate impact and disparate treatment analyses and whether the TVA appeal to the District Court erred in each of these analyses could be legally supported to reverse their decision FindLaw, 2011). David Dunlap brought suit under Title VII, alleging racial discrimination by the TVA. The district court found that Dunlap had been subjected to discrimination under both disparate treatment and disparate impact analyses, concluding that TVA’s subjective hiring processes permitted racial bias against both Dunlap and other black applicants (Walsh, 2010). The Appeals Court affirmed the disparate treatment claim, reversed the disparate impact claim, and affirmed the district court’s award of damages and fees to Mr. Dunlap (Walsh, 2010). 2. Explain why the plaintiff’s disparate (adverse) impact claim failed. The disparate impact theory requires a plaintiff to demonstrate that an apparently neutral employment practice affects one group more harshly than another and that the practice is not justified by business necessity. Under this theory, proof of discriminatory intent is not required. Although the district court concluded that TVA’s interview process had been manipulated to exclude African-American candidates in general, the court of appeals disagreed, citing the lack of statistical proof demonstrating that a protected group was adversely affected thus establishing a â€Å"prima facie† case. Mr. Dunlap couldn’t prove his claim by only challenging the process used in his own interview, thus the ruling was that the district court clearly erred in finding a prima facie case of disparate impact (FindLaw, 2011). 3. Explain why the plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim succeeded. The disparate treatment doctrine requires a plaintiff to demonstrate that an employer has treated some people less favorably than others because of their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Three provisions required to prove disparate treatment are (1) the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination; (2) the employer must articula te some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions, and (3) the plaintiff must prove that the stated reason was in fact pretextual. Proof of discriminatory motive is critical and may be inferred from the mere fact of differences in treatment. Proof may also be inferred from the falsity of the employer’s explanation for the treatment, (Walsh, 2010). Mr. Dunlap successfully established a prima facie case of disparate treatment by meeting the above 3 provisions; (1) he was African-American; (2) he was qualified for the position sought; and (3) white applicants with less experience were hired for 9 of the 10 open jobs. TVA attempted to rebut his claim by offering the selection matrix used during his interview as evidence to prove that he didn’t rank as one of the top 10 applicants due to his interview scores. However, Mr. Dunlap was able to refute TVA’s claim by demonstrating that his matrix score was manipulated to keep him out of top 10, thus proving it was merely a ‘pretext’ way for TVA to hide discriminatory intent. Both courts noted that the increased weight given to the interview created a more subjective process and the lack of an objective evaluation of the interview questions allowed the alteration of scores to produce a racially biased result. Also, there was proof that some of the score sheets were changed as many as 70 times without evidence of any legitimate reason to support the revisions. The court of appeals concurred with the district court that due to the above irregularities, the hiring matrix score used by TVA for not hiring Mr. Dunlap was â€Å"unreliable† and that discrimination motivated the hiring committee’s decision-making. (FindLaw, 2010). 4. What should the TVA have done differently with regard to interviewing and selecting candidates for these jobs? The following reflect several provisions the TVA should have done with regard to interviewing and selecting candidates for the 10 jobs. First, TVA should have done everything within its power to ensure the selec tion committee didn’t consist of racist representatives which is a bad reflection on the company. TVA needed to ensure these people are very aware and adhere to the company’s hiring and discrimination policies. Second, these representatives should be very familiar with and adhere to TVA’s â€Å"Principles and Practices† on filling vacant positions, mandate that â€Å"merit and efficiency form the basis for selection of job candidates,† stating that â€Å"education, training, experience, ability, and previous work performance serve as a basis for appraisal of merit and efficiency† (Walsh, 2010). The committee should also have adhered to the Cumberland plant HR Director’s e-mail that explicitly stated that interviewers should not award points for being a â€Å"diversity candidate† and â€Å"it is really important up front before your interviews start to have a definition of what ‘Outstanding,’ ‘Well-Qualified,’ and ‘Qualified’ is. This needs to be documented and dated before the interview process starts† (Walsh, 2010). The district court found the interviewers placed candidates in these categories after the interviews and ranking had been completed. In turn, this ensured the number of â€Å"Outstanding† applicants equaled the ‘exact’ number of job openings and their candidates of choice were in the top 10 group. As a result, TVA should ensure a legitimate matrix is developed for scoring purposes and not be manipulated for preferred results. Finally, TVA should screen their HR representatives very carefully prior to hiring; provide initial ethics and discrimination training and on an ongoing basis to ensure current laws are followed.ReferencesFindLaw (2011). US court of appeals sixth circuit. Retrieved fromhttp://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-6th-circuit/1092121.htmlUnited States Court of Appeals (March 21, 2008). Appeal from the United States District Court for the middle district of tennessee at nashville. No. 04-00045. Retrieved from http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/08a0121p-06.pdf Walsh, D. J. (2010). Employment law for human resource practice: 2010 custom edition (3rd ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning   Dunlap v. Tennessee Valley Authority The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act protects individuals against employment discrimination on the bases of color, as well as national origin, sex, religion. This law applies to any employers with 15 or more employees including the local state, government, employment agencies, labor organizations and federal government jobs. David Dunlap a fifty-two black male who worked as a boil maker for twenty years has perform numerous of jobs for Tennessee Valley Authority and decided to interview for one of the ten position that TVA had available at the Cumberland facility.The district court found that Dunlap was subject to discrimination under both disparate impact and disparate treatment theories. After analyzing both the disparate impact and the disparate treatment the disparate impact claim had failed due to the lack of evidence that Dunlap could provide to support his case, but he had enough evidence from the interview process to prove that the disparate treatment theory would help him t o win his case against Tennessee Valley Authority. Explain why the plaintiff’s disparate (adverse) impact claim fail?â€Å"The disparate impact theory requires a plaintiff to demonstrate that a facially neutral employment practice falls more harshly on one group than another and practice is not justified by business necessity. † With this â€Å"claim the plaintiffs most identify a specific employment practice to be challenged also through relevant statistical analysis proves that the challenged practice has an adverse on the protected group. † With the decision to hire only a certain amount of people to join the Tennessee Valley Authority Dunlap figured that he had a great chance of being a candidate due to the years that he have invested with the company.â€Å"Dunlap did not present evidence that the practice can show that a protected group was adversely impacted. † Since he could not prove his claim by challenging the process used in his own interview t he courts decided that the disparate impact claim would not be enough sufficient evidence to use against Tennessee Valley Authority. Explain why the plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim succeed? Dunlap succeeded with disparate treatment because he had efficient evidence (examples) to show the district court. The examples that he shared showed how he was treated within the interview process.Within the disparate treatment claim the plaintiff must be able to, â€Å"establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination; (2) the employer must articulate some legitimate, nondiscrimatory reason for its actions; and (3) the plaintiff must prove that the stated reason was in fact pretextual. † One of the examples that were used was that Dunlap received a 3. 7 for reporting missing some days off, but two other candidates received a 4. 2 and 5. 5 when they shouldn’t have received a better score than him. They also gave Dunlap a 4 on his safety record, even though he had a perfect score.Two of the candidates had two accidents in eleven years and they both received higher scores than Dunlap. He also talked about how he ranked 14 and they were split into three groups outstanding, qualified and well- qualified. The ten candidates were all chosen to have one of the positions. There were also emails to support some of the evidence Dunlap had. I think being able to prove the three requirements was why the plaintiff was successful. He was able to us examples that really supported him; the emails also helped him to be successful.The emails showed proof of discrimination amongst all candidates. What should the TVA have done differently with regard to interviewing and selecting candidates for these jobs? Due to this company being one of the hardest companies to get employed with, the Human Resource team should have first met up with each other to come up with characteristics that they would want each candidate to display to help the company be more of an asset our society. Secondly, I think that the Tennessee Valley Authority should have really sat down and analyze each candidate that was applying for the ten positions.With this company only have a select ten positions available the hiring managers should have been very specific with the candidates that should be chosen. They should have compared and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of each candidate upon calling them to set up an interview. They should have taken some time to look at each application to cross out the ones that did not meet the characteristic that were initially brought about. Race should not have ever been a factor and seeking candidates to fill all ten open positions.Regardless of anyone’s race the job still has to be completed. Everyone should have been given a fair chance for any position available. They could have also given everyone a trial period to let their performance speak for itself. I think that each candidate should have been given a fair o pportunity to be rewarded with a job with Tennessee Valley Authority. So many companies try to use and abuse you as long as you will let them; Dunlap felt that he had an equal chance to get hired on with this company in which he had been working as temp for a long period of time.In conclusion, I really enjoyed reading the Dunlap vs. Tennessee Valley Authority legal case. This case shows me that sometimes the things that you want may not be the things that you really want to deal with. It also display the courageous to stand up for what is right. Although Dunlap knew that he had a great chance of being hired through Tennessee Valley Authority when he did not receive the position he knew that something had to be wrong. We as people do not think that your race plays a major part in receiving a job and although it is not right sometimes it does.Dunlap did a great job sharing the examples of the things that happen to him during the interview selection process. Even though the things that went on throughout the interview process were not right, he was able to show them that they were wrong. I am glad that he did not get discourage about pursuing the issue of being discriminated against. No matter what kind of case it may be the plaintiffs always have the burden of proof, which means it is up to the plaintiff to prove their case. Dunlap did just that!

Effects of Mass Media Essay

Questions: What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? One of the major developments in the 20th century had to be the revolution of the internet. With having media that would be presented at the time in which it happened, gave the American people more informative information. While many news sources chose what information was given to us, the internet gave us the ability to see firsthand what was happening not only in America but in other Countries. Having the ability to choose what we would want to research, be it; war, history etc. the 20th century made that possible for us. As it was back in the 50’s there were only 4 major news sources, and they all came to agree with what would be seen on the television in regards to news, etc. With the ability of instant messaging, it not only gave us the instant access of what may be happening, it gave us the ability to find it ourselves. Having the ability to watch different media sources on the inter net, gives us the opportunity to uncover things that may not have been given to us through the mass media. There are many documentaries that are available to us, and being able to find more information on a subject that we feel is important is easily at out fingertips. Mass media has forever changed the way in which we learn, develop, and research. We have changed so much that our younger generations only know this way in which to communicate. Having so much information available has given a whole new meaning to what we watch on television to how we communicate to family that is not near. How did each development influence American culture? Answers: With the developments of mass media it has given us many opportunities to find out information on many subjects that we may not have been able to find out so recently. As, it was back in the 50s through the 80’s mass media was what we heard on the evening news or read in the newspapers now it is at our fingertips, and we are able to find out just about anything as it happens.  With the development of mass media, we can now instantly chat with someone that may be on the other side of the world. With the ability to Skype and instant message, we can share information and though it is not as personal; it is the new way to communicate. Today, the news broadcasts have changed, with the major news groups still deciding what will be on a broadcast we have the ability to find out more information on the subject at hand. There are many websites that have more information available to us that we can choose what we watch. Many people feel that they need to share more of the news mediaâ €™s information which in turn gives us the ability to research a subject on our own and find what we may feel is the truth. Mass media has changed so many things, in the last century that knowing where it may end up in another century is the question. Being well informed is something that the mass media has given us, and using it to help with questions or information is now what can be expected.

Mass-elite theorists and subcultures

Academic writing is usually best when it takes a dispassionate attitude to its subject; when it reviews the several contesting scholarly opinions around a question, before judging the value of each of them. But sometimes a writer is given a question that allows him to write destructive criticism, and to champion the merits of one argument only. This present question is such a question. If one takes a supercilious attitude towards it then he might expel it at once by arguing that neither Matthew Arnold nor F. R. Leavis – men who sought the promotion of culture through the study of high literature and the reform of education – would have descended at all to study the subcultures of Goths and Trekkers. These groups have produced no serious literature and they have done little to reform education. And so one can easily cement such a fierce attitude into a strong essay – though one that would sadly be very short and unmarkable! If instant dismissal is not appropriate, then a writer who has studied Arnold’s and Leavis’s definitions of culture can argue ceaselessly that neither man would have thought Goths and Trekkers a positive development for culture. A short statement about definition. There are of course manifold definitions of culture. Many recent writers define culture in terms of mass-culture, within which all groups and subcultures belong. If culture is defined like this then Goths and Trekkers are both part of culture and can be said to expand culture by pushing it wider and making it more diverse. Arguments like this are possible; but they are not possible for our present question. In this essay one has to measure these groups against the definitions of Leavis and Arnold only; and leave aside the merits of any modern definitions. Let us then examine the definition of Leavis and Arnold. Matthew Arnold famously defined culture as to ‘†¦ know the best that has been said and thought in the world’. Someone who is cultured has learnt to perceive beauty, perfection, truth and justice through literature and art. In Culture and Anarchy and Essays in Criticism Arnold argues that culture is centered upon education: thus the expansion of culture is possible only if it is accompanied by an equal expansion of education. So: somebody who is highly cultured is also highly educated. F.R.  Leavis had a very similar definition of culture. Leavis argued even more explicitly than Arnold that there is an unbreakable bond between knowledge of the humanities and the acquisition of culture. As G. Steiner says ‘The commanding axiom in Leavis’s life-work is the conviction that there is a close relation between a man’s capacity to respond to art and his general fitness for humane existence.’ Despite the esoteric sound of these words they do say something vital about culture. The key word is humane. Someone who has studied great works of literature tends to have better judgment and is kinder to his fellow man than people who have not. Leavis says ‘†¦ thinking about cultural and social matters ought to be done by minds of some real literary education, and done in an intellectual climate formed by a vital literacy culture’. In short: a healthy culture and society depends upon a large number of its citizens studying and thinking about the classics. Leavis famously defined these arguments in his controversial Richmond Lecture – should we say polemic? – against C. P. Snow. The lecture is Leavis’s proposal for the future of culture in England. Leavis wanted a small, economically weaker England that would be highly literate and cultured — instead of a huge commercialized and capitalistic society that would be less literate. Thus we see in Leavis, as in Arnold, a definition of culture as a society that knows intimately great works of art. According to this definition, any group that progresses culture must go beyond the culture that has gone before. Do Goths and Trekkers then add to what we can learn from Homer, Shakespeare and the Bible? (This is a fair question if measured by the definition above). The answer must be no. The Goth and Trekker subcultures have not produced one serious piece of literature or music; even if one stretches Star Trek into some definition of art, the movies and show are not the invention of Trekkers, but the object of their devotion. Goths claim to have a passion for literature; but this passion has not created any literature of their own. Likewise – even though it is not one of their aims – neither of these groups has done anything to reform education or our universities. We cannot study Goth culture from its literature, because there is not any. But we can examine some of the statements of Goth members to see whether there is any sign of culture as defined by Leavis and Arnold. The following article called ‘A Short Treatise on Goth subculture’ is taken from the internet. The author, Chameleon, says that Goths are defined by ‘a morbid sense of humor’, ‘appreciation of the darker side of life’, ‘tolerance of lifestyles considered weird by the masses’ and an ‘apolitical attitude towards society’. Rus Haslage, the President of the International Federation of Trekkers, says that the philosophy of trekkers is that ‘†¦everyone is different, and it is those differences that make us special. And, it is those differences that make meshing our sparks even more beneficial to us all.’ In both these statements the common feature is vagueness of meaning and purpose. Goths and Trekkers feel some solidarity with each other in their interest in the ways of the Goth or Star Trek; but there is no clear or precise thought about the identity and purpose of these groups. To be fair to each group neither claims to add to the wisdom that the great works of literature and art that the West has accumulated; but, if we judge this admission of non-achievement strictly according to the definition of Leavis and Arnold, then the existence of such groups has either no effect or a regressive effect upon culture. Bibliography Books: P. Hodkins,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture M. Arnold,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture and Anarchy M.Arnold,  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Essays in Criticism H. Jenkins III, Star Trek Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching F.R. Leavis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, (1930) F.R. Leavis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nor Shall My Sword: Discourses on Pluralism, Compassion and Social Hope (1972) G. Steiner,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language and Silence, Faber and Faber, 1967 Websites: www.iftcommand.com www.religioustolerance.org      

How two body system interrelate with each other Essay

The cardiovascular and digestive system are interrelate with each other to perform a named function of function by the food we eat. Which absorbed and passed down the oesophagus into the small intestine. It is then absorbed into the blood, which the cardiovascular then passes around the body supplying it with all the nutrients. By the cardiovascular system passing blood around the body with all the nutrients from food, it is supplying all the organs and body parts with energy so they can continue to work properly Another link between the cardiovascular system and the digestive system is that they both works hard when the body has to process a lot of food. For example, the digestive system needs more blood to do the job; therefore, blood vessels expand in preparation for this. Digestive organs stimulate the heart through nerve impulses, sending signals for increased amount of blood. The heart responds accordingly by sending more blood supply to the digestive system. The cardiovascular and digestive are system interrelate with each other to perform a named function of function transport oxygenated blood form the limbs around the body into cells. The oxygenated blood contains oxygen which is used by the cells to produce energy in the process of respiration. Digestive system needs the cardiovascular system for a proper digestive to continue. Become energy need blood to flow and the part of digestive. System e.g. intestine need blood to function properly. The cardiovascular delivers disgusted nutrient from the digestive system to the body for circulation and into the cells where respiration takes places. The cardiovascular system pastes blood around oxygen and nutrient and the body for the role purpose of energy production.

Brazil Economic Growth Essay

Currently, Brazil’s economy can be said to be better than it was some 30 years ago. This is because of the sustained implementation of policies that aid the economy. However the growth rate has been slowing down since 1980. From that time, there have been vulnerabilities in their public sector balance sheet and the distortion of taxes. This has resulted from the monetary policy that has been implemented in the country (http://www.wilsocentre.org). The growth rate is at 2.7percent although they aim to increase it to around three or four percent. It is also affected by the high interest rates that are experienced in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Up to 1999, the rates were constantly increasing. This was because of the exchange rate stabilization program that was introduces and after that they rose because of the destabilization policies. The policies were put in place to help curb high inflation rate. This worked because since 1993 the inflation has been decreasing. A lot has actually changed during the governance of President Lula. Since their form of government is federative republic they have the mandate to remove the president from power through voting. The people in power therefore have to ensure that they improve the economy and make good their promises so that they can be voted back. Brazil has been able to move up to number 10 in the world economy scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gross public debt compared to the GDP rates is very high. In June 2007, it had reached and 182 billion. The previous year recorded a debt rate of 157 billion. This is the debt owed to the creditors who are abroad (http://brazileconomy.blogspot.co). The government’s foreign debt in the same time period rose from 64.8 billion to 71.2 billion. Although the ratio between GDP and the gross public debt is skewed towards debt the fiscal surplus has been increasing. It has reached a level of 4.25 percent of the GDP because of the high interest rates. It means that the GDP is also increasing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brazil concentrates on the production of iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum processing, automobile assembly and cement making (http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com). The motor vehicle assembly industry is the backbone of Brazilian economy. Through foreign investment and construction of other plants the industry is expanding rapidly. The export sector contributes greatly to the growth of the economy. The export intermediary goods contribute 13.5 percent of the economy while the manufactured goods contribute 55 percent of GDP. Most of the intermediary goods are from the steel and iron industry and also the cement making industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Brazilian economy is controlled by both public and private sector but leans more on the private sector. It allows foreign investment in its industries. It has a lot of natural resources including crude oil, which it mines, and processes. Most of these industries are privately owned and the government benefits from the taxes paid. It works closely with the United States of America. It buys American treasures and as of June 2007 the share of Brazil of he America treasures had risen from 1.7 percent the previous year to 4.2 percent. The relationship between America and Brazil is therefore said to be positive because they buy from each other. America benefits from the Brazilian industries as consumers and also as investors and Brazil benefits in the same way. Reference: Brazil Economy Watch Tuesday September 18th 2007. Retrieved on September 20th 2007 from http://brazileconomy.blogspot.com/ BRAZIL INDUSTRY retrieved on September 20th 2007 from http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-INDUSTRY.html Economic Policy and Prospects for Reform: Lula’s Second Administration November 2006 retrieved on 20th September 2007 from http://www.wilsoncentre.org/topic/pubs/ThinkingBrazil.24.pdf.

Assesment 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assesment 2 - Coursework Example In a market economy the price system automatically acts as a rationing instrument. With the help of the diagram given above we can easily explain the determination of market price and at the given demand and supply functions and the system will not allow either of the agents to exploit other. The horizontal and vertical axes measure quantity and price respectively. D is the market demand curve showing the one to one correspondence between price and market demand. S is the market supply curve that reflects the producers’ behaviour. S is nothing but the one to one correspondence between market price and supply of it. Equilibrium is achieved at point E where market demand equals market supply. The equilibrium level of price is OP* and quantity is OQ*. Now we consider that producers want to exploit the consumers by charging higher price. What will be the impact$2 Let’s consider that the producer charges new price OP**. At that price level the producers will be willing to supply OQ** amount of output while the consumers are willing to purchase OQd amount of the product. Hence at price OP** the market will face excess demand to the extent AB. This excess demand would cause a downward pressure on price as the producers have the unsold stock in the hand. Price fall would be followed by contraction in supply (movement from B to E) and extension in demand (movement from A to E). This process is continued unless the previous equilibrium is achieved. Here automatic adjustment of price will control the quantity in the market. To answer the aforesaid question we need to know what wealth is. Generally wealth can be defined as something that can generate income or can satisfy human wants. Wealth must be measurable tangible, transferable and scarce in nature. When the goods are produced through the production process it adds to the stock of wealth of the nation. As good is measurable, tangible

Reflection on semester 2 ( task) 4 manaement skills Essay

Reflection on semester 2 ( task) 4 manaement skills - Essay Example My grades were satisfactory. Apart from preparing myself for business courses, I had for several years been undertaking English classes at several institutions. Now, I am studying business management level 1 at university of surrey. Although my progress in surrey university is not what I am seeking to, I believe that I have the ability to improve my performance in my higher-level classes. Regarding my progress in the university was not because of my ability, it was a result of negligence. I have passed all the courses for last semester with fine grades. I have no doubt that I can improve my performance this semester. I was born in Qatar and I have lived in Doha city. After completing high school, I had taken some English courses in USA in different places as an employee in the Arabian International petroleum Corporation. Then I have worked as Public Relations Officer for three years in same company. In addition, I have worked as Marketing Coordinator for three years but in last year, I joined their subsidiary company, ITAG in Celle Germany. Since I am taking management skills in semester 2 I have taken a self-audit using the different standards, which are given in learning skills profile of pebblebad. This evaluation of my self-audit clarifies many things that help me to improve my learning skills by figuring out my S&W. In addition, give me chance to compare my level between semester one and two. This comparison leads me to keep my strengths and develop my weakness throughout e-learning recourses. During semester 1, my performance was not satisfied enough. I did not contribute very well with my group and I missed one meeting. Although, I can use ulearn quite good I never participated on discussion board. I have the ability to read academic books but I do not read much. However, sometimes I find it difficult to understand some text in specific subject. I am good at researching but what I am

Debating Policy Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Debating Policy Issues - Essay Example debaters often resort to faster usage of speech so as to include as much evidence as possible in support of their arguments put forward in the debate which further helps in lending credibility to their claims while in yet another case, the debaters might include several arguments to counter the claims made by their opponents. In academic debates including more quantity is often considered an act of displaying knowledge and educational and hence appreciated while it might be criticized outside the debate community. While slow speed is often used to include laymen or common people in the purview of their audience (Cheshire, 2008). The order of speeches in various forms of policy debate is fixed such as 1AC – First Affirmative Constructive which includes cross examining the First Affirmative by the second negative, 1NC – First Negative Constructive i.e., cross examining the first negative by second constructive, 2AC – Second Affirmative Constructive i.e., cross examining the second affirmative by first constructive, 2 NC – Second Negative Constructive i.e., cross examining the second negative by first constructive etc. Similarly the other forms of policy debate include; 1NR – First Negative Rebuttal, 1AR – First Affirmative Rebuttal, 2NR – Second Negative Rebuttal and 2AR – Second Affirmative Rebuttal. The time for all these forms of policy debates varies with high school and college debates. For instance the time allotted for all constructive speeches in high school is generally eight minutes and for rebuttal the time allotted is five minutes. Similarly in college, the time allotted for constructive speeches is nine minutes and six minutes are allowed for rebuttal. The period for cross examination, however is same in high school as well as college i.e., three minutes. The first speech given in a round of policy debate is the 1AC and is presented by the affirmative team. This team usually focuses its attention on advocating on textual issues to

The Role of Mitosis and Miosis In Cancer Tistes Antigen (CTA) Literature review - 1

The Role of Mitosis and Miosis In Cancer Tistes Antigen (CTA) - Literature review Example In this work called "The Role of Mitosis and Meiosis in Cancer Testis Antigen (CTA)" author overviews the connection between differentiation failure and cancer development in patients with testis cancer. Division of germ cells has special features that make this illness distinguished in comparison with the other groups of cancer diseases. It is a well-known fact that the germ cell line derives from the primordial germ cells. These cells basically migrate through the dorsal mesentery of the embryo and then enter the fetal gonad that is developing in the genital ridge. In males, in this genital ridge, the primordial germ cells are enclosed by somatic Sertoli cells and are known as prospermatogonia. These proliferate for a few days and then rest at G0 or G1 of cell cycle until puberty. When the individual attains puberty, the proliferation of the prospermatogonia resumes, thus initiating spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia are the male germline stem cells and they proliferate from puberty al l through the adult life. Two meoitic divisions are involved in this step and a tetraploid of primary spermatocytes are first formed which further undergo meiosis to form haploid sperms. Cancer Testis Antigens or CTAs like MAGE and NY-ESO-1 are basically expressed in these spermatogonia. This tiny investigation is aimed at defining role reasons of CT development in patients, who are included in the high-risk group. Tables, statistics and scientific evidence-based argumentation without any doubt will help you to get the highest A!

'What More Do They Want' - Service Provision of Refugees and Asylum Essay

'What More Do They Want' - Service Provision of Refugees and Asylum Seekers - Essay Example Accordingly, it is imperative to embark upon an integration project as would successfully lead to the assimilation of this group into the national culture and society. As the research illustrates, integration can best be carried out through the provision of equitable access to public services and the exploitation of these services for the specific purpose of integration. According to the literature on the topic, the education and mental healthcare services are, within the context of the stated, defined as primary integration enablers. Certainly the cost of integration may be quite high but the benefits of successfully integrating refugees and asylum seekers into British society are even higher. Apart from the fact that, as a nation-state, Britain has historically relied on waves of immigration as a means of building itself and, more importantly, strengthening its economy, immigrants bring a wealth of talent, experiences and skills with them as can effectively ensure their functioning as a constructive economic asset (Humphreys, 2001). Despite this, however, Britain’s immigrants, as in her refugees and asylum seekers, are hardly awarded equitable access to essential community services, chief amongst which is education. The implication here is that the country’s refugees and asylum seekers are marginalised and their potential to positively contribute to the nation is severely constrained (Bocker and Havinga, 1998). The consequence, as Hames (2004) notes, is not limited to the fact that asylum seekers and refugees are denied equitable economic, social, political and educational opportunities but, that their marginalisation is leading to the evolution of a  "dual Britannia† (92). Britain’s asylum seekers and refugees, therefore, are not only being denied the realisation of their potential and the country their constructive exploitation as a valuable economic

Economy or goberment related Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economy or goberment related - Personal Statement Example One can clearly see how Economics has overtaken all other fields. Wolfers (2015) gives an explanation of the development in question by arguing that the Great Depression was the major reason why Economics took over. The government needed to devise a way that would relieve the country from the economic strains that it had gone through. The economist came in handy. Major focus and importance was given to Economics as it gave answers to the existing problems as opposed to Psychology or even Anthropology (Wolfers, 2015). In the work, the author also explains that Economists are also consulted in numerous fields today, including fields that touch on social issues (Wolfers, 2015). This explains why Economics has become a major for many students, as the field is extremely marketable in the job market. The popularity of the field is also expected to increase with the years. From Wolfers’ (2015) work, I agree that the field of economics has taken over the field of Social Sciences. In the present society, it is evident that a huge percentage of articles, even in the archives, mention concepts related to economists. The number of articles on Psychology, Sociology and other arts are reducing by the day. This explains the extent in which the world is shifting towards an economic turn. Wolfers (2015) also explains that the rise of economy began in the 1980s to date. This can be linked to the Great Depression that caused massive impacts on the economy of the country. After the catastrophe, the government opted to come up with stringent measures that would prevent such an occurrence (Wolfers, 2015). This explains the great interest in economics. I agree with the author’s sentiments as the government was obligated to come up with measures that would see to a stable economy. The historians that had taken up a huge share of the market had no place, and were slowly overtaken (Wolfers, 2015). I believe the economists were justified. No government